Torture and Terrorism in the Modern World

Torture and Terrorism in the Modern World Torture inflicts severe pain to force someone to do or say something and has been used against prisoners-of-war, suspected insurgents and political prisoners for hundreds of years. In the 1970s and 1980s, governments began to identify a specific form of violence called terrorism and to identify prisoners as terrorists. This is when the history of torture and terrorism begins. While many countries practice torture against political prisoners, only some name their dissidents terrorists or face potential threats from terrorism. Torture and Terrorism Around the World: Governments have used systematic torture in conflicts with rebel, insurgent or resistance groups in long-running conflicts since the 1980s. It is questionable whether these should always be called terrorism conflicts. Governments are likely to call their non-state violent opponents terrorists, but only sometimes are they clearly engaged in terrorist activity. Israeli Supreme Court License to Torture RulingRussian torture in the Chechnya warEgyptian torture of domestic and foreign terrorists Detainee Interrogation Practices Considered to be Torture: The issue of torture in relation to terrorism was raised publicly in the United States in 2004 when news of a 2002 Memorandum issued by the Justice Department for the CIA suggested that torturing Al Qaeda and Taliban detainees captured in Afghanistan might be justified to prevent further attacks on the U.S. A subsequent memo, requested by former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld in 2003, similarly justified torture on detainees held at the Guantanamo Bay detention center. Definition of TortureHoodingSleep Deprivation and  WaterboardingAmerican torture methodsThe Crucifixion of Manadel Al Jamadi, Abu Ghraib Prison Detainee Terrorism and Torture: Selected Reports and Legislation Since 9/11: In the years immediately preceding the 9/11 attacks, there was no question that torture as an interrogation practice is out-of-bounds for American military personnel. In 1994, the United States passed a law prohibiting the use of torture by American military under any circumstances. Furthermore, the U.S. was bound, as a signatory, to comply with the 1949 Geneva Convention, which prohibits torturing prisoners-of-war. After 9//11 and the beginning of a Global War on Terror, the Department of Justice, Department of Defense and other offices of the Bush Administration issued a number of reports on whether aggressive detainee interrogation practices and suspending Geneva Conventions is legitimate in the current context. Here are rundowns of a few key documents. 2002: Justice DepartmentTorture Memo2003: Defense Department Working Group Report, Detainee Interrogation in the Global War on Terror2006: Bush and Senate Agree to New Legislation2006: Military Commissions Act International Conventions Against Torture: Despite ongoing debates about whether torture is justified against terrorism suspects, the world community finds torture consistently finds torture repugnant under any circumstances. Its not a coincidence that the first of the declarations below appeared in 1948, just after the end of the Second World War. The revelation of Nazi torture and science experiments performed on German citizens in World War II produced a global abhorrence of torture, anytime, anywhere, conducted by any party- but especially sovereign states. International Conventions Against Torture1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights1948 European Convention on Human Rights1955 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1969 American Convention on Human Rights1975 World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo1975 Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Torture1984 Convention Against Torture Also see: Human Rights and Terrorism: An Overview \ Torture Interrogation in a Time of Terror: Analysis of Legal Issues

Complete Guide Biology Research Paper Writing

Complete Guide Biology Research Paper Writing Biology research paper is a type of academic writing that provides the readers with a thorough analysis of a particular issue. It usually presents different arguments to support one of the previously introduced claims that are traditionally based on peer-reviewed sources. Besides, this type of academic paper allows you to organize and develop the independent research and discuss your unique findings in the paper. While writing a research paper related to biology, take into account that it is a complicated scientific discipline that studies living organisms in general and examines their numerous functions, unique biological structure, lifetime development, and the process of evolution. It happens that some students find this discipline quite difficult to research as this broad subject demands significant knowledge and sophisticated approaches. Besides, it is possible to examine other life sciences instead as they also provide many interesting topics to be researched. In general, a wel l-developed Biology research paper should include a vast amount of analytical information on the chosen topic, inspect two or more scientific theories, and evaluate related practices. Outstanding Biology Research Paper Topic Ideas Nowadays, the most captivating topic to be examined is human cloning. It is a well-known fact that the scientists managed to clone living organisms successfully. Therefore, the process of copying DNA and creating genetically identical creatures has become a popular subject that raises a great interest of the wide audience. In this way, being developed for many years by significant scientists and researchers, the genetics is considered an exciting topic that grasps the attention of the readers from the first lines and has a straightforward relation to other fields of biology. As a result, you could examine the cloning and its origins, define and evaluate its different types, and research the structure of DNA. In addition, it is an excellent idea to discuss the most controversial issues of cloning and investigate its modern developments and major achievements in the context of historical research. Another exciting topic to be investigated is related to hormones and how they carry various chemical elements through the living organism. As a result, your paper may analyze multiple types of hormones, explore their functions, and compare them to each other. What is more, the writer can connect it to glands as they also may have a connection with hormones and impact different functions of the body. Finally, because hormones have a relation to mind functions and behavioral patterns, you can do psychobiological research that perfectly fits the demands of the biology research paper. The immune system of the living organism is another great topic to examine as it studies the functional and structural peculiarities of the immune system that are crucial to every organism on the planet. It is a well-known fact that the immune system creates and maintains a personal defense barrier in order to enable different creatures to withstand different diseases. Taking into account the fact that this barrier is one of the crucial features of the organism, you can develop your research paper on this subject and evaluate different protective elements of the immune system. In addition, you can mention its agents and discuss numerous diseases provoked by the improper work of this particular system that in turn causes a significant threat to essential survival functions. The next valuable topic that can attract the attention of the audience is plant pathology. It is not a subject of biology but it can be related to other Life Sciences, and it presents the unusual topic of studying a range of plant diseases. Thus, you should pay attention to this topic if you are highly interested in botany and plan to choose it as a major. As a consequence, by approaching this topic, you can examine different types of plant diseases, their unique causes, and mention ways of resistance. Besides, it is a great idea to evaluate ways of disease prevention and approaches to treatment. While conducting your research, pay attention to the instructions provided by your professor and follow them step by step. If the guidelines provide a number of topics to choose from, pick the most exciting and captivating of them. Sometimes it happens that the professor gives no particular instructions, giving you a chance to choose a topic on your own and develop it correspondingly. In such cases, you should pick the topic with due responsibility as it may become a ground for your thesis paper or even a dissertation work in the nearest future. Choosing the Most Suitable Biology Research Paper Topic The first step you should take to start a well-constructed paper is to choose a topic. Because biology provides a great variety of valuable themes to examine, it may be quite challenging to pick the most appropriate for you. For that reason, take your time and think thoroughly about all the related issues you are interested in or topics that attract your attention. It is essential for you to find your topic captivating as it is the feature that will motivate and force you to perform your best researching, analytical, and writing skills. If you happen to choose a boring topic or one that has been already researched by many students, it would be difficult for you to write an outstanding paper as there is nothing worse than a dull topic. Therefore, avoid examining sophisticated issues that are not supported by information published in peer-reviewed sources. Writing a paper, you should prove your claims and convince the audience to admit them. Otherwise, your paper will have low scientif ic value. To choose an appropriate topic, it is possible for you to follow useful and easy tips: Read the requirements carefully; Brainstorm the related ideas and keywords. In this way, you will be able to define a subject you are interested in; Do research on the subjects discussed in the lectures. Because you have already obtained background information from the professor, it will be much easier for you to concentrate on one of the topics; Think of a research question and develop it into a robust research topic. In addition, a research question and an answer for it together create a good basis for the research paper and make the writing process much easier; Look through your old notes. It is a great way to refresh memory and think of an excellent topic for your paper; Develop a topic from the thesis statement. Because a thesis statement usually includes the issue that demands a particular solution, it becomes a great tool for creating a valuable topic. Here are the examples you can use as topics: General Causes and Symptoms of Allergies and the Most Effective Treatments for Allergies; The Earliest Forms of Allergy Testing and Options of Their Treatment; Chemicals That Trigger Allergies and Methods of Their Prevention; The Latest Developments in the Chemistry of Adhesives; The Cellular Reproduction of DNA; Poikilothermic Body Temperatures versus Homoeothermic in Mammals. Quick Recommendations for the Pre-Writing Stage from Our Experts Because the Biology research paper should be grounded on a number of reliable sources, it is essential for you to conduct research and find peer-reviewed sources related to the chosen topic. For that reason, start your research by visiting local libraries and search there for books, specialized magazines and journals, and newspapers. Nowadays, an enormous amount of information may be found on the Internet. That is why it is recommended to search for information to support your claims and arguments in official reports, databases, and peer-reviewed online journals. It is highly advisable not to use data from personal blogs, forums, and social networks as it may be irrelevant. The collected pieces of information should be related to both theoretical and practical parts of the paper and match the final findings. Do not forget to make notes while looking through the sources and put down the authors of the articles and books, their titles, and years of publishing as you will need them to c reate a reference list and cite the information correctly. While browsing the Internet resources, it is quite challenging to keep track of visited websites. In order to find the source without struggles, you should make bookmarks or create a file with links to the useful resources. The used resources should be published recently as the books and articles released many years ago usually have no valuable scientific information. Finally, pay significant attention to the extensions of the domain names as they can help you to define the relevance of the provided information. Use resources that include .edu, .gov, and .org. in their domain names because it means that provided facts and evidence can be used as sources for your research. Craft a Killer Thesis Statement Start writing your paper by creating a thesis statement. It is a large and well-developed sentence (or two) that allows the audience to grasp the primary idea of the literary work, understand its central point, and find out your major claims and arguments. In addition, a thesis statement has to be followed by personal ideas of the writer and mention the methods and results of the research paper. Title/Thesis Statement/Body Paragraphs Usually, Biology research paper has the following structure: a title page. Here, it is necessary to type a short and comprehensive title, mention the name of the student, point out educational institution, and the date of submission; an abstract (if required by the professor); introduction part; three or more body paragraphs; methods of the research; results of the research; conclusion; reference page; additional information (pictures, graphs, photos, appendices, and tables). The introduction is the first part of the paper that includes the thesis statement and introduces the main issues to be discussed to the audience. Next, the writer has to add three or more body paragraphs that present his or her central claims and arguments and support them with facts and evidence. In addition, the body paragraphs are traditionally followed by the methods of the research and its final results. The results should be based on the applied methodologies and be arranged in a logical way or in a timeline. The conclusion is the final part of the Biology research paper that restates the thesis statement, sums up your main claims and arguments, and provides the audience with logical conclusions on the chosen topic. Tips for the Post-writing Stage When the research paper is ready, it is necessary to read it aloud and remove irrelevant information that does not fit the general structure. In addition, this approach allows to revise minor grammar mistakes and revise all the facts and evidence presented in the paper. In order to make the revising process faster and easier, you could use one of the free grammar checkers available online. When the grammar errors are fixed, it is necessary to check the format of the paper. Thus, the line spacing, text color, margins, font, and its size should correspond to the instructions provided by the professor. What is more, you should check the citations format and arrange the reference list in alphabetical order. Finally, it is important to check the paper for plagiarism. You can do it with the help of numerous plagiarism checkers that are available online for free and cite information that is detected. Following these easy and helpful biology research paper writing tips will allow you to understand what a research paper is and how it should be structured. Next, these biology research paper writing prompts will help you to choose an excellent topic by applying different methods of thinking, collect a necessary amount of reliable information, and compose a well-developed paper. Besides, you would be able to proofread it and eliminate as many grammar and structural errors as possible. Finally, if all the sources are cited properly, your paper won’t be detected for plagiarism. As a result, your writing is expected to get a high mark and become a sufficient ground for numerous research papers in your future academic activities (pursuits). References Biological Research Paper Topics. (2018). Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/biological-research-paper-topics-4149.html Biology Research Paper: List Of Interesting Topics. (2018). Retrieved from http://burmaeducationfund.org/biology-research-paper-list-of-interesting-topics/ How to Select a Research Topic. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.umflint.edu/library/how-select-research-topic Research Guides: Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 1. Choosing a Research Problem. (2018). Retrieved from http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproblem Selecting a Research Topic: Overview. (2018). Retrieved from https://libguides.mit.edu/select-topic

How Children Learn the Sounds of Their Language Essay

How Children Learn the Sounds of Their Language - Essay Example It is evident from the paper that phonological development in children has got various steps, which are equally important. Though the capacity to acquire a language is innate, an assistance and scaffolding are necessary for the children. The discussion highlights the point that as the children are not born talking, they should learn the language. This is actually cannot be called learning, but acquisition of language; learning is artificial and conscious, but acquisition is natural and it is a biologically triggered behaviour. This behaviour is being modified every minute. This modification is done naturally with the exposure they get around them to acquire language. The discussion on the delayed speech and factors influencing phonological development sounds very significant. As communication is the pedestal of life such a study of phonological development is very constructive and ever relevant. The discussion on phonological development cannot be paused anywhere as it has a lot of interrogative dimensions. The theories mentioned in this paper indicate the role of phonological development in the cognitive expansion of the children. Verbal communication, which is the possession of human beings only, has a pivotal role in the overall development of them. It is communication that unfastens the ties which deny entrance to the world of knowledge and all that is obligatory in human life.

War or Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

War or Immigration - Essay Example The dialogue may not necessarily be only between the two parties. Each party may bring one or more parties in its support from its side to conduct dialogue with the opposite group of parties. If the dispute gets resolved through the dialogue, nothing like that! War breaks out in the other case. During the war, if any of the party surrenders, the other party should stop the killing right away. After the war, the winning party may confiscate the belongings of the losing party along with the fighters, but the fighters should not be tortured in jails like the conventional practice is. Instead, they should be treated with kindness and should be made to contribute to the winning nation positively. It is better to have them teach the illiterate local prisoners rather than torturing them, which would yield no good. If treated nicely, the winning party assumes great tendency to convince the prisoners to have faith in the winning party and rather become its members than their original

Love at First Sight Essay Example for Free

Love at First Sight Essay One of the great questions surrounding social psychologists and everyday people by extension is whether or two individuals can fall in love at first sight. This would imply that the non-verbal communication between the two in that moment was as strong and passionate enough to constitute love before having gotten to even speak to the other. To fall in love is to have strong feelings of passion and attachment to another individual. Measuring what constitutes full love is unclear and debatable within circles, but generally agreed to be a very strong feeling that is created. Love at first sight can be described as a signal of the strongly grounded love that may be to come, but ultimately exists as a very strong first impression that cannot be predetermined to sustain itself as genuine love. There are many cues and ways in which two lovers may first lay eyes on each other that can generate such strong feelings similar to love. When the eyes meet and cannot be taken off of two individuals, this is certainly a sign that the two are at good odds of working out together. When there is a mutual astonishment of the other individual as shown in these signs and other signs, it can also create the impression that a man and a woman will go hand in hand when the very first impression is so strong and mutual. However, this is only a jump start. When two people are mutually taken aback by each other at first sight, this is a very positive sign as far as the relationship goes. First impressions are huge, but this does not mean there is any predetermined ways of knowing this sensation of love will sustain itself in way that can universally be accepted as true love. Two people may quickly find that they are not as compatible as they would have liked to have believed or were drawn into believing. Through further interaction, they learn far more about each other and any kind of sustainable love is dependent on these future interactions and feelings remaining as first presented. Many people would like to believe in love at first sight, and it makes sense why people who have had these feelings at first sight have on to carry long loved relationships. Whether or not one wants to call it love at first, the experience that one may interpret is still a powerful predictor of a more likely outcome of true love. It is true that our intuition and the hunches we get can sometimes lead us to truth in our lives. In the case of love, it is a bit trickier because the desire for love along with common lust and the seemingly meaningful non-verbal cues can easily create the sensation of love at first sight. Love is far too complicated to be treated and always assuming to be genuine and true, and never a sensation motivated by desires and perceptions within our often confused brains. However, there is no doubt that instances have occurred in which two believed they experienced love at first sight, but that love sensation simply did not sustain itself in the end. Compare these stories to the one of people who it has worked out for, and one may find that the stories of the initial feeling of love at first sight are identical. Moreover, there is of course there is the potential for one?s own judgment and intuition at first sight to be accurate about loving another, but love is ultimately created by our minds and is not determined by the other. For that reason, there is not enough certainty in the universe and too many inconsistencies to prove a consistent trend in true love at first sight.

The Suppression of the Other and Self-Enlightenment in William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence :: essays research papers

My response to William Wordsworth’s Resolution and Independence focuses upon the precept that Wordsworth’s narrator uses the tale of the Leech Gatherer as a means to achieve ‘resolution’ to his own internal crisis. This is highlighted by, in my opinion, the narrator not so much paying attention to the Leech Gatherer’s tale, yet instead his pre-occupation with what he wants to interpret from the tale in order to satisfy his needs. I further argue that in doing so Wordsworth’s poem constructs the Leech Gatherer as the ‘other’, and that his ‘otherness’ is suppressed by converting him into a mere instrument by which the narrator attains enlightenment. Although my reading of the poem is heavily focused on the encounter between the narrator and the Leech Gatherer, this doesn’t occur until the eighth stanza. The poem starts with the narrator out for a stroll, feeling â€Å"as happy as a boy† marveling at the offerings of nature in the sunshine following a â€Å"roaring in the wind all night.† What struck me from these opening stanzas was the rhyming pattern used throughout the poem. Set in ‘rhyme royal’ I found the meter both inviting and accessible, which made for an entertaining read from the outset. However from this pleasant beginning, quite suddenly and apparently inexplicably during the fourth stanza, the narrator undergoes a violent mood swing: ‘As high as we have mounted in delight/In our dejection do we sink so low;/ To me that morning did it happen so.’ This sudden change left me quite disorientated and perplexed as to cause of his depression. After re-reading the passage and considering it in the context of the entire poem I felt that this mood swing was the reader’s first indication of the narrator’s status as a poet. This notion of a poet’s perspective remained at the foreground of my reading and I felt constantly reminded that the narrator’s subsequent quest for resolution and enlightenment came from the perspective of a poet, not merely an individual. My view of the narrator within this context was not an entirely positive one, as in addition to seeming over-analytical and emotionally fragile – ‘Perplexed and long ing to be comforted’ - I felt he came across as condescending toward the Leach-Gatherer; as if he came from a position of higher moral ground by virtue of his occupation as a poet. Within this context, an observation I found significant was

The athletic apparel industry of Nike

The athletic apparel industry in which Nike is involved is a major money maker in the United States, but the fact that none of the factories are located in North America has brought some heat to the company. Nike controls more than 40 percent of the U.S. Market for sports related goods, but doesn†t have a single sneaker factory in this country (Miller 1). Nike continues to make millions of dollars yet exploits workers overseas by paying them very little, while requiring long hours without overtime pay in factories that are not up to â€Å"American† standard. Nike subcontractors employ nearly 500,000 workers in plants in Indonesia, China and Vietnam (Saporito 1). The exploitation of workers in Third World counties, where the majority of Nike†s labor is done sparks a controversial issue. People question why is it that Nike continues these practices. According to â€Å"Just do it, Nike,† Nike seems especially fond of doing business in undemocratic countries like China and Indonesia, where the military can be relied upon to â€Å"crack heads† if workers get out of line (Miller 2). The military monitoring has been a large controversy due to the fact that these are often Chinese working against other Chinese workers, or Vietnamese against their own people also. For Nike there are two benefits: it it†s a cheap way to monitor in an overseas factory and it creates a sheaper labor workforce. In turn making the labor cheaper for Nike. This makes it possible for Nike workers from the states to work on other things and only tour the factories when nessecary. While still assuming a stable workforce without good pay. The critics of Nikes labor practices have taken tours and witnessed the mistreatment firsthand. Time magazine reported saying,† The plants were found to be modern and clean, well lighted and ventilated and paying a decent wage by local standards-although by no means are they trouble free. Make no mistake: these are factories not amusement parks, and even in developing Asia, where jobs are scarce and getting scarcer, this is not the job of choice.† (Saporito 1) The wages that the workers overseas are paid is nothing when compared to how much we pay for a pair of shoes or the profit that CEO Phil Knight is making off his sportswear giant he once operated out of the back of his car as a college student. â€Å"A big issue that surrounds sweatshops is wage. The minimum wage often does not reflect the cost of living.† (Hepner Online) Is the wage fair? There are many people who feel the wage is fair and the cost of living is taken into account when the wage is looked at, but studies show otherwise in many factories. Just recently, CNN reported a raise to entry level workers in Indonesia, Nike officials said â€Å"the increase will raise the minimum monthly compensation package-which includes bonuses, housing, healthcare, transportation and meal allowances to approximately $37.14 a month.†(Nike Establishes Labor† Online) To many people living in the U.S., that package may sound good however the compensation package doesn†t do away with the long hours, the poor conditions or the low rate of pay. Many of these workers are young children working to help support their families. The benefits do not make up for the low pay rates that keep them in the work force. The pay is only enough to get by where these children want to be saving in order to leave the factories and return home. In â€Å"Taking a Look inside Nike†s Factories†, part of Bill Saporito†s, â€Å"Can Nike Get Unstuck?† this is what was found. â€Å"Americans pay $100 for a pair of shoes that a worker gets less than $3 a day to make. They pay Michael Jordan $40 million to endorse them. Can†t they find more money to pay the workers? The short answer is no, because corporations pay the going rate for labor whereever they are.† (Saporito 1) If this statement is true Nike pays the wage for the country the factory is in, then what is the controversy about? Much of it stems from the overtime that these workers are forced to work without over time compensation. Here in the United States there are regulations placed on businesses that require then to compensate their workers with a higher wage for over time hours. So since Nike is an U.S. based company should Nike have to pay overtime? The answer is no. Nike doesn†t have to pay overtime like here in the U.S. so they don†t. In Vietnam â€Å"Workers so want a reduction in overtime, the length of annual leave for the Indonesian workers making Nike shoes is more than 30 days though dozens of workers interviewed in November, said the actual amount is 10 days.† (Ballinger 2) There has been evidence of Nike breaking at least nine labor laws in China according to AMRC; a Hong Kong based human rights group that has been monitoring the abuse of human rights in China for the last 20 years. â€Å"Children as young as 13, were found employed in Nike factories, working from 144-192 overtime hours per month to make ends meet.† (Designer 1) Ernest and Young, an accounting firm, hired by Nike, to do research and the issue reported conditions in Vietnam â€Å"where young women toil sixty-five hour weeks for $10, in air so bad that 78 percent of the employees have respiratory problems.† (Miller1) Factory workers endure abuse on the job lacking a voice or ablility to do anything about it. Since Nike contracts out for their factory managers, it has been hard for Nike to regulate what goes on when they are not on their tour or walk through. â€Å"A Korean supervisor in a Vietnam factory was found guilty of beating 15 Vietnamese about the head with a shoe â€Å"upper†, and another Korean supervisor was charged with sexual molestation.† (Saporito 3) In this instance it was not an U.S. supervisor, nor was it a military officer but someone of a different nationality. The hard part is that there are no independent unions and meaningful corporate codes of conduct to discipline management. So workers must turn to the courts for help which is a long fought battle that no one wants to attempt. In one case that made it to, a Vietnamese court recently found a Korean supervisor guilty of beating workers and extradition may be sought for the accused sexual molester who fled. In Indonesia 24 discharged Nike workers are challenging the legality of their dismissal before the country†s Supreme Court (Saporito 3). These are major breakthroughs in the court systems to have someone tried and convicted in these distant countries whose courts are often corrupted. Factory conditions are consistently getting press here in the U.S., as many are angry with Nike for not providing for their overseas employees. The following account is of the conditions in a Chiniese factory: Twelve hour shifts several days a week; wages as low as 16 cents and hour; 16 workers to a dorm room; pregnant women fired. Workers are not allowed to talk. There is constant pressure to produce-workers are yelled at. If you don†t meet your high production quota you must stay until you do-without pay. The factory is noisy, filled with dust and fumes. Workers have fainted, overcome by the long hours and the glue fumes. One worker died; another lost an arm; other has had their fingers broken by the equipment. Most workers have never heard of the Nike code of conduct. There is no union and workers are afraid that if they complain, they will be fired. When a group of workers stopped working in March to protest had not been paid, they were fired. The supervisor warns workers in advance of any inspection, the factory is cleaned and if workers are interviewed it is in the presence of factory management. (â€Å"The Neediest and the Greediest† 4) This is only one description of the factory conditions and the requirements that are put on the workers of these factories, on contract with Nike. In order to deal with the criticism Nike gets about working conditions and pay, â€Å"Nike Inc recently established a new department with a mandate to continue to evolve it†s monitoring of subcontracted manufacturing facilities and to continue to upgrade conditions for workers in subcontracted facilities around the world.† (â€Å"Nike establishes† 1) This department will monitor, compensation issues, benefits, the work environments, recruiting and hiring policies, overtime policies, worker management, environmental issues and supervision of independent monitoring systems. All these are large steps by Nike to improve it†s factories and to repair the relations with people here in the U.S. who are appalled by the reports of poor work environment workers are forced to endure. â€Å"The company has been tarred by an image as a sweatshop operator that exploits Asian workers who make shoes and apparel for Nike subcontractors. Nike†s efforts to be a good corporate citizen, and they have been considerable, have yet to sway the public forum. Basically, our culture, and our style, is to be a rebel, and we sort of enjoy doing that,† says Knight, who created a jock empire based on hero worship backed up with good product and great advertising. â€Å"Now that we reached a certain size there†s a fine line between being rebel and being a bully, and yeah, we have to walk that line.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Saporito 6) According to Knight he will continue to make the sport-wear giant successful any way he can. â€Å"The estimated net worth of co founder and current CEO Phil Knight is $5.4 billion, one of the wealthiest people in America.† (Miller 1) The issue remains whether the sports wear giant, Nike, will continue to do work in other countries, where labor is cheap and regulations are few, and not monitored on a normal basis. Nike will continue to exploit workers in these countries as long as America continues to buy the products. Nike, who recently spent $978 million in one year on advertising worldwide, depends upon Americans and their children to purchase its sneakers. Yet it locates 150 factories and some 350,000 jobs in Asia. Knight recently made the absurd and arrogant statement that, â€Å"Americans don†t want to make shoes.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Sanders 2) Is CEO Phil Knight right? Are American workers not willing to make the shoes that are so popular in stores and classrooms across the nation. If so, the exploitation will continue and Nike workers will remain underpaid and over worked in poor working conditions.

Mughal Era

PREFACE The Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire In seeking to determine the clothes worn by the wide range of people that entered India during the Mughal period, one has to take into account the geographical factors that influence their form of dress, the region they come from, how they lived, how the terrain, climate and their professional occupation affected what they wore. BRIEF HISTORY In 1526, Babur established the Mughal Empire, which lasted for over 200 years. They ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600.The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with the local maharajas & attempted to fuse their turko-persian culture with ancient Indian styles. The Mughal dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Akbar and it went into a slow decline after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 and was finally defeated during the war of independence in 1857. LIFESTYLE The marketplace The marketplace The society of the Mughal period can roughly be categorized into the rich, midd le and poor class. The difference between the richest sections of society and the poorest was very wide.At the top of the social and economic ladder was the king followed by his nobles. This class lived in extraordinary luxury with abundant resources at their disposal. They lived a life of reckless festivity, grand banquets, lavish homes and often had inflated egos. Their food and dress was very costly, and their homes were huge palatial structures. Both indoor and outdoor games were popular with this class, for they had the time and resources to be able to indulge in them. An unfortunate aspect was that as a result of their tremendous wealth, many of them squandered away their money and lives in vice and temptations.Towards the close of the Mughal Empire, many of the emperors were no longer interested in running the empire; instead they were keener on enjoying the wealth they possessed as kings. Tyranny of the Emporer over the lower sections of the society Tyranny of the Emporer ov er the lower sections of the society The middle class was a relatively new development, one that would grow and become an important force during British India. They were usually merchants, industrialists and various other professionals. While not being able to afford the extravagance of the rich class, they led comfortable and perhaps more sensible lives.Many middle class families were also very well off and were able to indulge in some luxuries. Purdah system was followed during Mughal Era Purdah system was followed during Mughal Era Below the middle class lay the poor class, the most oppressed and neglected part of the society. There was a major difference between their standard of living and that of the two preceding classes. They were usually without adequate clothing and in cases of famines even without food. They held very low paying jobs, where they were expected to put in long hours.Their condition can perhaps be described as voluntary slaves. They were often harassed by the officers of the king, who extorted money out of them by making false charges against them. The economic conditions of the peasants continuously declined, especially towards the close of the Mughal period when the tyranny of the provincial governors constantly troubled the peasants' lives. The position of women in Indian society changed considerably with the coming of Islam. The Indian women now came to occupy an even lower status. Muslim inroads made strict enforcement of purdah and seclusion of women.Women’s education was not encouraged. The birth of a girl was not regarded as a happy event. On the contrary the position of the women of the noble and royal families was little better. Miniature paintings of the Mughal era Miniature paintings of the Mughal era Miniature paintings: important source for Mughal costumes Mughal painting is a particular style of South Asian painting, generally confined to miniatures, which emerged from Persian miniature painting and developed durin g the period of the Mughal Empire (16th – 19th centuries).Miniature paintings were a variety of Islamic paintings done during the reign of the Mughal Emperors. The Mughal paintings often covered scenes from the court and help our understanding of how the court functioned. These paintings also provide us with information on what the emperors looked like. * The Mughal miniature paintings had depicted the costumes and ornaments which were prevalent in the time of medieval India. Mughal artists had rendered exquisite detail of the costume of the people of that period. The Mughal Emperors who helped the art of painting to flourish were Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Mughal Queen covered in fine clothing and jewels Mughal Queen covered in fine clothing and jewels The costume of Mughal women Traditional Mughal costume Traditional Mughal costume The ladies of the Mughal dynasty were as remarkable as their men and in certain cases even more cultivated. The way these beautiful, educat ed and extremely talented Mughal women used to dress became a matter of interest for many.Royal women wore beautiful clothes made from the finest materials and adorned jewellery from head to toe. They used to spend a lot of money in getting for themselves fine silks, brocades and muslins from which they got stitch beautiful garments. They were mostly covered in white colored veil because of the prevalent purdah system and they could not go out on the street without the veil otherwise they were forced to join the profession of prostitution. Early costumes When the Mughal ladies first set their foot in India they were dressed in long gowns, caps and trousers.And upto the time of Akbar, Persian dress was worn by muslins but during Akbar’s time Rajput dress was adopted. * An inner garment or kartiji was invariably worn beneath the gown as a short bodice reaching to the hips. * Queen in her chambers Queen in her chambers Another jacket or nimtena was frequently put over the dress somewhat like a vest (Gulbadan begam, the daughter of Babar while describing mirza hindal’s marriage in her memoirs, mentions â€Å"nine jackets with garnitures of jeweled balls† and four shortered jackets with bal trimmings among the articles of dowry for the bride Sultana begam. The effect of these gorgeous dresses embroidered with gold and pearls was astonishing. So in a whole the early Mughal costume for women consisted of wide topped trousers fitting snuggly from calf to ankle, long kurta, fitted outer jacket, dupatta, high Turkish hats, sometimes with a small veil attached and some feathers too. The Jaguli The Jaguli Influence on Hindu women The glamour of these dresses must have cast its spell unmistakably on the susceptible Indian women. Opportunities were not lacking for frequent contacts between Indian and Mughal ladies.It is therefore not astonishing that Indian women associated with the court of Delhi and high ranking ladies living in the Rajput dependencie s of northern India should very soon have adopted the distinctively Mughal style of dress. The jaguli worn by women- a sort of empire gown fastening at neck an waist, opening between the fastenings and permitting a glimpse of the breasts and with long tight wrinkled sleeves and long flowing skirt reaching as far down as the ankles. This attire was worn by the Muslim dancing women. Later Mughal costumeLater Mughal costume The skirted robe of these women which was slit in front from the waist to the bottom and which in their language was known as peshwas distinctly resemble the jagulis of the Kangra painters. Later Mughal Costumes consisted of Long sleeved choli, Isar (often striped), Brocade vest, Short and long ghagra (often in sheer material),Silk or muslin dupatta, Apron (with embroidery) and farji (long sheer vest like garment), Long sleeved floor length gown with a sari that drapes from the jeweled embroidered crown and an Ornate turban.MALE COSTUME Men wore a pagri (turban), a jama (coat), a patka (shawl), a katzeb (sash) and either trousers or a dhoti (loincloth). The Jama: Essentially, the jama is a snugly fitted garment that is complemented by a pair of long sleeves, a distinctive crossover bodice and a full skirt. The jama is differentiated from other coats of the Mughal era (such as the angharka) in that the skirts overlap in the same fashion as the bodice. The Jama The JamaThe social status and wealth of the wearer were indicated by the textiles used to create the jama, the fullness of the skirts and the length of the sleeves. The sleeves were tight-fitting to the wrist, and were commonly so long as to form soft folds along the forearm. The sleeve also features an inset triangular gusset in the armpit, which allows for a snug fit without compromising mobility. Dhoti or Paijama: Another term for these trousers is paijama, from which comes our familiar word denoting sleep attire.The word is a compound of two Persian words, pai meaning â€Å"feet† or â€Å"legs†, and jama meaning â€Å"covering†. Both men and women wore paijamas, possibly in imitation of the warlike Rajput princes who preferred them to the dhoti or the mobility they afforded. Mughal King Akbar Mughal King Akbar Pagri or Turban: Paintings from the court of Akbar indicate that there was a difference between the wrap used by a Muslim and that of a Hindu. Generally, Hindu turbans were fuller and rounder than those of the Muslims, who favored elaborate jewelry to embellish their headgear.Patka, Katzeb and Juttis: Three more items finish off the male costume and these are the patka (shawl), the katzeb (sash) and Juttis (shoes). The Patka: The patka is a handsome garment often depicted in illustrations of the period draping elegantly from the shoulders of Akbar’s courtiers. It survives today in India as the dupatta, worn by women as a scarf with Emperor Shah Jahan Emperor Shah Jahan their salwar Kamiz and Hindu men on their wedding day. Patka , Katzeb and Juttis worn by Prince Salim Patka, Katzeb and Juttis worn by Prince SalimThe Katzeb: Even more ubiquitous than the patka, was the katzeb, or sash. In illustrations of the period, it is clear that the patka and the katzeb never matched one another, but like the patka, the katzeb was richly decorated in a number of ways. Sashes in the reign of Akbar seem to be of two lengths, long and short. Laborers, servants and courtiers in a hunting party are often shown with shorter and plainer katzebs. Wealthy emirs and the Akbar himself are depicted as wearing longer and more abundant sashes, and in a few cases, two sashes of contrasting colors at once.Juttis:   Hindus and Muslims differed greatly in their approach to footwear. Followers of Islam wore shoes and boots habitually to protect their feet from the heat and hazards of the Indian landscape. Hindus, on the other hand, view feet and leather both as â€Å"unclean†. The making of leather goods, therefore, is and was l eft to the members of the lowest castes. As a rule, Hindus preferred to go either barefoot or in sandals called paduka, which were made of â€Å"pure† materials such as wood or even metal. Shoes were invariably removed before entering living areas and temples.

The Looking Glass Analysis Essay Example

The Looking Glass Analysis Essay Example The Looking Glass Analysis Paper The Looking Glass Analysis Paper Essay Topic: Through the Glass Essay on The Looking Glass by Anton Chekhov With the particular use of dark tone and vivid imagery, Anton Chekhov, helps the reader to recognize imperative themes that shape the story and focus on the true significance of the looking glass. The portrayal of Anilines dream demonstrate that one of the themes can be in offered from the text is the importance of dreams. Using her dream exhibits her internal co inflict within herself and her challenges to relate her problems with others. This mechanism of writ ting corresponds with Bob Available statement that, Chekhov believed that how characters see themselves is more important, finally, than how an author sees them, and that we as readers can understand characters more deeply if we dont have an author standing between us and t hem (Available). By basing the story off of Anilines dream, the reader is able to understand the De fiction of the intense scenes that happen within her and recognize how teams influence the e decisions and 2 responses of people. There is a better understanding of the main character M the the use of dreams as a theme. The reality of helplessness is also a key theme that is portrayed throughout TTL story. Chekhov enables the reader to inquire the realism of the possibility of people unable to solve the problems within themselves and that the same can be seen within others. Wi h his careful usage of tone and imagery, it becomes evident that the protagonist suffers to response ND to the situation that shes in. The depiction of Nellie and her inability to find a solution iconic sees with Chekhov naturalistic style of rather than creating rowdy, dashing heroes an d elaborate cliffhanging plots, he set out to depict the slow, ticking banalities of everyday His SE of helplessness as a theme gives the story a sense of naturalism that the deader can connect to with their everyday life, as well. Because Of the reliability, This way Of writing g gets the reader hooked and keeps them interested throughout the story because of the story s reliability. The fear of the future is a relevant theme in this piece with Chekhov use of homeboys. The looking glass or mirror, for this piece, remains symbolic because it is use( to portray the future. From the way the story was depicted, the author enables the reader TTT recognize that dreams reflect the subconscious. In this case, the dark dream that the story r evolves around shows Anilines fear of the future. For example, Chekhov use of lines, the grim y background (looking glass)was not untouched by death (Chekhov), shows how she was etc reified and anxious for the future as the dream unfolds. The use of the mirror is very instrument I throughout the story because it is served as a window to the protagonists subconscious. The e symbolic mirror portrays Anilines inner feelings, fear and helplessness; and with its use, the rye becomes successful in bringing together its goals and objectives of the story to the real Overall, is a very successfully written short story by Chekhov that illustrates his mechanisms on his wanting of the reader to understand the co incept of his story, deeply. He portrays a dream which remains to show its significance to enders tanning the subconscious and by dwelling into the consciousness, readers are able to see situations that puts her in a state of helplessness. By the careful use of dark tone and vivid imagery y, Chekhov is able to connect points that indicate human condition and how problematic situate ions illustrates ones fear of the unknown.

Formatting Columns in Microsoft Word

Formatting Columns in Microsoft Word Formatting Columns in Microsoft Word Much like ancient Greek architecture, some forms of writing would fall apart without columns. Newspapers, websites, journals, magazines and newsletters, for example, all present text in neat columns to increase readability and ensure professional presentation. Column formatting in action. If you are writing something along these lines in Microsoft Word, then, you’ll need to know how the column formatting options work. Read on to find out. Column Formatting in Microsoft Word Quick options for basic column formatting. To use the pre-set column options in Microsoft Word, all you need to do is: Select the text that you want to format using the cursor Go to Layout Page Setup Columns on the ribbon Pick the number and style of columns required If you do not select any text first, the column formatting will be applied to the entire document. Custom Column Formatting You can also create custom columns for more control over how text is presented. To do this: Go to Layout Page Setup Columns and click More Columns†¦ In the new window, select: The number per page Whether to use a line between columns The width of each column Which parts of the document to format (selecting This point forward will apply a section break at the cursor position) Additional column options. When you are done, click OK to apply the selected options. This will format all selected text (or the entire document) according to your preferences. Adding a Column Break You can also add a â€Å"column break.† This is useful if you want to end one column part way down and start a new one at the top of the page. To do this, place the cursor where you want a column to end and go to Layout Page Setup Breaks Column. This will add a column break in the place selected. Adding a column break. When to Use Columns Finally, a brief word on when to use this formatting style. It would be unusual in most documents printed at portrait A4 size, such as college essays or business reports. Typically, you would only do so if a style guide requested that you format part or all of a document in this way. However, for anything that will be printed or displayed in a wider format (e.g., on landscape A4 or larger paper), column formatting can make text easier to read by reducing the line length.

Racial profiling in the war on terrorism Research Paper

Racial profiling in the war on terrorism - Research Paper Example The racial profiling policy as a government activity directed on suspects of especially racial group has raised several ethical concerns both in America and in the rest of the world. The policy faces rejection from the advocates of equality in justice. Those rejecting racial profiling argue that the policy is unconstitutional and deprives equal treatment and protection of all people under one constitution. The policy allowed scrutiny and favoritism among different racial groups that exist in the America soil. Interviews conducted by law enforcement officials on foreigners’ especially foreign students in US colleges raised concerns on the moral issues. Following the December 2005 interviews on the students joining the US colleges, the local police chiefs reacted by resisting to cooperate with the federal officers terming the act as a violation of departmental policy and local state laws. The policy violates the civil and privacy rights of the passengers. The system requires the creation of stereotypes based on the existing information thus subjecting the communities such as the Arab and Muslim groups to scrutiny and suspicion. The Muslims group’s rights in America have been denied their equality right as American citizens based on the stereotyping policy raised by the racial profiling security system. Other than the Muslim communities, racial profiling focuses on black people as criminals rather than the victims of crime. The policy has underestimated the tendency of the white people to commit crimes the black people commit. This policy thus views the white people as victims of terrorism and ignores the poor blacks who are equally prone to terrorist attacks thus promoting the idea that blacks are immune to the terrorist attacks. The profiling policy promotes feelings of inferiority and superiority among the

Linguistics - structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay - 1

Linguistics - structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example Throughout the novel, the novelist has been careful in adroitly interlinking the different subplots. The novel mainly deals with two parallel plots: the love relation between Charles Darnay and Lucy Manette and the historical events connected with French Revolution. However, there are several other underlying subplots distributed throughout the three Books of the novel. They include the story of the great sacrifice by the good-for-nothing lawyer Sydney Carton, the comparison between the two cities of London and Paris, the atrocities of the aristocrats etc along with the stories within story such as the imprisonment of Dr. Manette, the story of Madame Defarge. The overall setting of the novel is based on these interconnected subplots which contribute to the each other as well as to the meaning of the novel in general. The novelist has been effective in presenting the major themes of the novel through the literary device of setting. It means that the setting of the novel which incorpor ates the interrelated subplots functions as a literary device to the novelist in his ultimate conveyance of the major themes. Therefore, the subplots in A Tale of Two Cities work in relation to each other to reveal the major themes of the novel. In other words, different subplots and the structure of the novel has significant role in the transference of the themes and meaning. As George Newlin establishes, â€Å"The success  of  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities †¦ can be attributed to Dickens’s artful setting  of  a  touching human story against the background  of  the world-shaking events  of  the French Revolution, and to its powerful, universal themes.† (Newlin, 1) There is pertinent relation between the setting and the meaning in A Tale of Two Cities and the novelist proficiently selects the subplots which contribute eventually to his literary goal. Therefore, subplots in the novel cannot be comprehended in isolation. Rather, they are deeply contrived so as to