Contemporary communication essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary communication - Essay ExampleEven noticeable have been the points of release in the manner in which information should be disseminated. This paper compares and contrasts the manner in which information in current affairs programs and regular news program is disseminated with respect to communication devices. In order to effectively achieve this, it focuses on the way BBC television news and CNN current affairs program covered the Casey Anthonys case.BBC (2011) news makes use of the images, as well as sound. It features how the jury comprising of seven women and five men terminate up in the rejection of the prosecutions that Ms. that Anthony was responsible for the murder of Caylee. The news describes that Ms. Anthony had been accused of dosing her with chloroform, making her suffocate using a tape and dumping her body in the woods. However, the accused was found to be guilty of relative lowly offenses such as child neglect. As this is done, the image of Ms. Anthony i s presented. Each time the information is described, the pictures in the continue are features in real images, breaking the monotony of vision of the news anchor.The news offers a interpretation of the appearance of the accused during the verdict delivery session. Here, Ms. Anthony, who faced a death sentence if found guilty, cried in the quietly. The moments after the jury left the room, she went about hugging her lawyers tightly while she sobbed. All these are not only presented in words, but also in images. The News offers the description of the amount of time that the Ms. Anthony had worn out(p) in the jail while awaiting her trial, and also talks about the time that her release was expected.She had been made to go through about two and a half years in jail while she waited for trial. She was to be expectedly released soon, notwithstanding the minor offenses that she had been found guilty. This is because she had already served enough time in the jail. Images of the state o f the parents and even the prosecutors during the court

SABIC products i Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SABIC products i - Assignment ExampleThis company is involved in the create and marketing of fertilizers, metals and petrochemicals. It operates through strategic business units, each headed by a vice president, including intermediates, polymers, metals, basic chemicals SABIC long suit products and Innovative plastics, as well as fertilizers. The chemicals unit includes ethylene, benzene, propylene among others the specialized products and intermediates ethylene glycol and vinyl chlorides, while the plastics produced include PVC, polyester and melamine. Moreover, fertilizers produced include urea and ammonia while the metals include aluminum and steel products. SABICs business is operated crossways Africa, Pacific Asia, Europe, America and Middle East regions, while headquartered in Riyadh, south Arabias kingdom (Riyadh, 2011).SABIC fulfillment involves requirements as set out in the management system certificate. SABIC is committed to employees, the surround and communities, incl uding dedication of resources for evaluation of health and safety aspects of products and their raw ingredients (Delgado, 2012). Risks assessment and management is carried out by stewardship and toxicology power who develop programs to mitigate risks on humans and the environment as well as communication of the info to the responsible personnel. In order to meet its commitments, SABIC develops internal programs and processes as well as complying with chemical restrictions and regulations, and the tangled product.The company has its belief on the stewardship of natural resources as well as the development of processes and materials that meet sustainability criteria in a responsible manner. This will facilitate business growth, support the growth of businesses of customers and solve the challenges of the environment. An understanding of impacts across the life cycle of the product helps in focusing

The time machine ch5-8 summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The time machine ch5-8 summary - Essay mannequin(Wells 5)Time Travelers is aware that there should be properly investigated the Morlocks, though he doesnt since they are disgusting. He doesnt go underground through the exploration of the surface. Weena was annoyed when she realized on what was happening. Time Travelers feels flocculent hand of Morlock touching him which in a way jolts him. He then follows the tunnel and finds full of a caravan machinery. He is not worried by the feeling of blood. (Wells 6)The chapter presents Time Traveler thinking or so the meat as seen underground. He walks to the Palace Green Porcelain with Weena. As he walks, he packs the office with flowers. As they walk the place is far and at night they decide to take a night at the hill. In this chapter, he realizes that the concerns of the human being are small and that the history of human being is unproblematic to wipe. (Wells 7)As they reach the palace, they are reminded of the museum and they explore it as they tend to get tools to help him in acquire the Morlocks. He gets weapons and now feels he is ready to kill some Morlocks. He walks and finds the weapon section though he is a bit disappointed as he realized that all the guns are rusted. at that place is also a presented room which is full of idols and statues and therefore he caves his name on it. (Wells

Phase 2 Individual Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phase 2 single Project - Assignment ExampleMain Responsibilities of Each Role End User The role of quit users especially in information technology (IT) system based development is much vital as they are considered to be the ultimate users of mod software on a daily basis. It is the dying-users who are awake(predicate) of the data present in the legacy systems. The primary responsibility of the end-users is to directly interrelate with different estimator workstations or terminals in order to effectively conduct their assigned work. The end-users are quite able to enjoin between the formal description and constraints among others for performing their work along with informal practices. Furthermore, they are able to convey relevant valuable information to the users representatives relating with the process. In addition, end-users may require participating in the activities concerning Quality authorisation as well. Most importantly, periodically developing functional department s is in like manner viewed to be the other prime responsibilities of the end users (Damodaran, 1996, pp. 363-377). Business Analyst The primary function of the business analysts is to develop means in order to work confidence and respect from both the IT and the business aspects of the organizations. A business analyst is required to understand the stakeholders, employees and customers and their ask ought to be served effectively. Contextually, the most frequent responsibility of the business analysts has been viewed to resolve various problems concerning with the processes and the functions within the organizations while traffic with legacy system development. Furthermore, business analysts are required to combine various functions in order to habituate effective technologies for developing the overall operational procedures. A business analyst is liable to monitor the new IT system after its full implementation (Hernandez, 2012, pp. 1-4). Team Leader The role of a team drawin g card is extremely crucial relating to the aspect of project management. Accordingly, it is necessary that a team leader is flexible in managing his/her team members for successfully completing a project. It has been ascertained that a team leader should perform his or her tasks based on the situations rather than being rigid in following his/her own managing style. Moreover, team leadership should be capable of motivating and encouraging his/her project team. The team leader should be able to overlook the behavior of his/her project team and support them while performing their respective tasks. The team leader should also be able to promote healthy affiliation among the team members and promote effective communication in order to smoothly achieve the organizational goals. It is worth mentioning that smooth completion of a project generally depends upon the activities that perform by an efficient team leader (Roman, 2011, pp. 1-5). Skills Necessary for the Respective Positions S kills Necessary for End-Users Concerning with end-users skills, high take aim competencies and experience are required for adopting as well as exploiting effectual decisions. Moreover, the end-users must possess comme il faut knowledge, know-how and power in order to shape the improvement in accordance with the needs of the organizations. At the comparable time, the end-users should have the willingness and enthusiasm during the course of the IT development in order to seek

Issue of "health & food " Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of health & aliment - Essay fontThe world health organization defined health it stated as a form of get it on mental, physical and social well-being, .this does not focus on the absence of a disease. The statement means that, for oneness to be healthy, they must be stable in all aspects of human life. On the other hand, diet, needfully to be balanced and focus on all classifications of carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins and mineral salts. The fact that people living in the United States have acquired an expensive lifestyle(The Globalization of Eating Disorders, 2015).It becomes hard for them to purchase a balanced diet food and thus go for fast foods that lack proper prescriptions on the right amounts of calories they contain. These leave them predisposed to diabetes and other heart conditions (Food For Thought.2015).In support of these diseases, the brass has been in the forefront because it imposes such policies that uphold unhealthy lifestyles. As a start, restauran ts sell foods that tend to bypass investigations on the amounts of calories eaten daily by individuals. The government has not taken it upon its responsibility to enact policies that look into such matters. The Food and Drug Administration policies, on the other hand, have gotten solaced on the issue of healthy eating habits, and the systems are weak to authorize and deoxidize out such patterns from the society. In support of these, the government is the overall lawmaker. It has made health become a social issue instead of allowing people deal with it in personal ways.The fact that the proposal wishes to cover a cross-sectional study to find out if the fast food companies do label their food packages, the research will also target the consumers of fast food, to find out what is their personal responsibility in ensuring that they choose the foods wisely. Through this, they avoid eating more or fewer calories that may pose a hazard to their health. This research will be relevant sin ce the findings will help to inform

Finance Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance Policy - Assignment patternA businesss fiscal position is evident from its profit and loss account and the equilibrate poll. The balance sheet and the profit and loss statement should communicate the appropriate results of the pissed to the CEO so that he can make decisions regarding investment. The financial statements of the firm should be made available to all so that they can make their ingest conclusions from the financial statements with respect to the operations in the firm. It is very important that the financial information provided must be reliable and authentic. The primary objective of my role as CFO is to insure the firms accounts accurately and identify which of the investment methods could benefit the firm in the long as advantageously as the short run. This could be achieved by making appropriate review of the financial statements as well as developing accurate interpretations. This is supposed to benefit the firm and its stakeholders. b) The company ca n intent concise financial report, which consists of Consolidated Income Statement, Statement of Comprehensive Income, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Changes in Equity, Statement of cash in Flows so that all the third party investors and stakeholders could evaluate the firms business. ... The taxation requirements of the government should be met with appropriate heads showing profits before tax and profits after tax. Similarly the employees can pose an idea about the functioning of the firm by analyzing the financial statements. The creditors and debtors value in the balance sheet along with the bad debts gives a clear understanding about the total debtors and creditors of the firm. The shareholders can understand the sort the firm is functioning through the payment of dividends and the return on equity, which is projected in the financial statements. hesitation 2 a) High dividend policy to the shareholders signifies that the firm is earning steep profits and, thus, is paying high dividend to its shareholders. This creates anticipation among the shareholders that the firm give pay them a higher amount of dividend in the next financial year. High dividend withal signifies that the portion of debt capital in the firm in comparison to its equity capital is less, which implies that the firm has its own financial stability. b) If there are negative profits in the firm then the firm will pay a lesser amount of dividend. If the firm chooses to retain a high portion of its mesh for investment activities, even then the dividend payment will be less. c) High dividend payouts are popular and well appreciated by all the shareholders. But the problem that arises here is that if the firm earns high profits and provides high dividend to its investors in one year and in the next financial year its profit is less relatively and so it fails to pay high dividends, then the shareholders will be unhappy with the firm. This will affect the perplex and relation they have with the firm. As the shareholders are the primary investors in the

Amazon.com - Not Your Average Bookstore Case Study

amazon.com - Not Your Average bookstall - Case Study standardformer(a) than customer comments, Amazon websites records numbers of customers, the products they review and pages they visit. After analyzing those records, Amazon recognizes sale/purchase patterns and makes business concern strategies accordingly. Is Amazon using disruptive or sustaining engineering to run its business? A disruptive engineering is the one that creates new market and value network. Amazon.com mostly incorporates disruptive technology. For instance when Amazon website was formed, watchwords purchase established a genuinely menial fraction of the items for sale but with the launch of Amazon online bookstore, it has redefined books market. People visit Amazon websites to read reviews on a book and make decision about(predicate) purchasing the book. Things didnt stop there Amazon launched its book reading application, flash. It is an eBook reader and uses e-Ink technology which consumes very small ba ttery power, this way people can take their collection of favorite books anywhere they want. Other applications like Amazon S3, Vine and Amazon MP3 all offer new technologies. Interactive interface technology use by Amazon really makes the shopping experience worthwhile. Online Music downloading and online storage application such as S3, all count as disruptive technologies. How is Amazon using personalization to keep its customers loyal? Amazon incorporates personalize recommendations to keep its customers loyal. ... ications like Amazon.com Auctions, zShops (independent third party sellers) and Amazon.com Marketplace (here customers can buy and sell used items), Amazon is offering almost everything to its customers on their fingertips. All of this contributes to increasing customer loyalty. How has Amazon used technology to vamp the bookselling industry? Amazon has completely refurbished the bookselling industry. Amazon bookstore has become a trademark name for book publishers an d customers. For instance, Jeffery Bezos, the CEO of Amazon implemented a smart business strategy by making realistic book store accessible from all across the globe. When Bezos first initiated the list of 20 items online, books were a small ticket item on it, but later when Amazon created thousands of virtual book stores, Amazon Bookstore became a house hold name for book purchases. No book store could store 5 million books published each year but Amazon. Technology enabled Amazon to handle such a large amount of data and make it available to customers. It wont be exaggeration dictum that eBook concept was popularized by Amazon. Later with the introduction of eBook reader, Kindle Amazon totally revamped the bookselling industry. Kindle incorporates another technology to download books for its eBook readers through Whispernet on a wireless network, Sprint Nextel Network. Initial offering from Kindle included over 90,000 books, magazines and journals. How can Amazon use mbusiness t o increase sales? There is tremendous potential drop in mbusiness or mcommerce. According to the research firm Strategy Analysts, mcommerce industry was supposed to be surpass $200bn by 2005 with 350 million customers generating $14bn annually, and this is 2012, it is easy to figure out what potential mbusiness

China,Japan and Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China,Japan and Korea - Essay ExampleThis form of governing was in existence since 1644 to 1911 and it had a scrap of dynasties, for instance Xia, Shang and Tang (ChinaI 2). Though this form of agreement was in existence for a long period, it had a number of faults that were the main reason for its fall. According to historical studies, some of the problems associated with this form of political system were that it was deflower with not only nepotism but also corruption (ChinaI 11). For instance, court officials themselves were corrupt to the extent of planning intrigues against genius another. Citizens were levied high amounts of money in form of taxes that the government spent on undertaking expensive force expeditions.Another example of the poor political system emerged during Mao Zedong era. Maos form of government was quite dictatorial that no one would dare oppose his opinions. Since not everyone loved Maos form of governance, this resulted to the Cultural Revolution in 1 966 that lasted for one decade (ChinaVI 3). During the revolution, Chinese students openly criticized the government. The case was equivalent during Deng Xiaoping reign whereby students were also unhappy with the form of governance, hence held protests in Tiananmen Square. After turning down the lay out to vacate the square, Deng sent an army to disrupt the protest that resulted to massive loss of lives, most of whom were students (ChinaIV 18).Just equal China, Japan also had numerous issues due to poor ancient political systems. Historically, the Togukawa government ruled Japan. The system comprised of shogun, daimyo and the samurai (Japan V 3). Apart from collecting taxes, the Togukawa government also had the task of controlling cities in addition to maintaining gracious order. Japan had both formal and informal institutions informal institutions comprised of Zoku and Amakudari. Whereas Zoku was a policy tribe comprised of politicians working unneurotic for a

Introduction to comparative ethnic study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction to comparative ethnic study - Essay illustrationThe main facet considered is the training of individuals from different backgrounds and enhancing their competency.There is a haggle on the ability of a particular group to break from the bonds of their racial notions. Individuals are yet to gauge the effect of eliminating the curricula from schools and its effects in the society. To be more specific, there is a question on whether the trained youths and their trainers would maintain and implement the gist they have learned. Nonetheless, an undisputable fact has resulted showing that the youth learns faster band readily practice their gains than the geezerhoodd. This factor that the youth are ready to abandon the locomote and gender biases that had been prioritized previously.There is a particular age considered critical and in which people are allowed by the constitution to piddle away autonomous decisions such as voting and defending their land. The main focus shoul d be on ones ability to make substantial decisions without dangers in their impacts. Then it would be logical to understand that that the courageous conversations involved in the platform might be responsible for higher extent emotions that might be detrimental or obey surprising responses but this does not mean they should be eliminated.Greenberg, Jon. Op-ed Removing Courageous Conversations from Center Schools race and gender course is outrageous. The Seattle Times. March 12, 2013. Retrieved on April 17th 2013 from

Violence on Television Increases Violence in Children Essay

Violence on Television Increases Violence in Children - Essay ExampleAll these shootings and other(a) madness by children and teenagers have opened a public debate concerning various issues. Some damned the easy availability of weapons for the shootings while some focused on the problems of bullying and partner abuse in American High schools as the reason toilet this violence. However, there were some researchers who looked beyond the obvious and pinpointed the media behind the increase in violence. In this paper, we shall debate on the controversial issue that violence on goggle box increases the violence in children and teenagers and stand by it. According to a research, children in America watch four hours of television daily on an average which implies that television has a powerful influence in exploitation value systems and shaping behavior. But sadly, most of the programs broadcasted on television atomic number 18 raging nowadays. From the daytime splatter shows, mo st of which are portrayed by unashamed emotional, psychosomatic, and corporeal exploitation by jury guests towards distributively other, to the prime time shows and the WCW (World Champion Wrestling), all these programs proliferate excessive violence and aggressiveness. Most of these programs are watched by a growing number of young children and adolescents who view them along with their parents. As the matter of fact, violence forms the see constituent of the Network news too, as most of it is plagued with explicit renderings of murders, traffic mishaps, kidnappings, international war scenes, and the like. The report is the same everywhere the good people slaughter the bad people, most often with an arsenal of weapons that has pop off a humdrum possession for todays T.V. characters (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry AACAP n.pag.). This lives the debate that whether these television programs really affect our children or not. Various studies done to evaluate t he impact of T.V. violence on children and teenagers have revealed that children are affected in different ways by these shows. They may become immune or dense to the horror of violence, or gradually accept violence as the means to sort out problems, or try to imitate the violence shown on television, and identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers. Children who become violent reflection such T.V. programs will show a range of behaviors including explosive temper tantrums, threats, bullying, aggressiveness, armed assault, and harm to animals and peer groups. In fact, a research done by psychologists L. Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron and others also revealed those children who watch long hours of brutal programs during simple school level tend to show higher level of aggressive behavior when they become teens. They labour along found that eight years old children, who watch too much of television, are mostly the ones who get prosecuted for criminal behavior as ad ults (American Psychological Association APA n.pag.). Additionally, many children who are overexposed to violence, and specially, to pragmatic violence crop up judging the society as one which is, by and large, hazardous and perilous. This misjudgment makes them fearful towards life as they start considering themselves future victims of violence (AACAP n.pag.). However, researcher David Buckingham stated that one may well discover that children who are violent watch a lot of television violence, but this does not prove that violent television causes real-life violence

Market Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Economy - Essay ExampleTherefore, the market leave behind hardly depend on the pricing, which affects their frequency for demand of some products. For instance, when some prices of some goods are reduced, the customers could insist on increasing the metre in demand. This technique could be employ by markets to shape their demand for products in the market, depending on the market perception of the products and pricing (Gregory & Robert 2004). In part A, there is need to have a decoct on the provided data, which would be used in plotting the demand wrap. Given the equation P = 10 0.5 Q, there should be a stated acceptable pricing and quantity that will be used by the consumers. The pricing will have a direct effect on the quantity in demand, as they are closely related. Using the current price of ? 6.50, the equation will be denoted as follows P = 10 0.5 Q This will be followed by a substitution of the price, which is P ? 6.50 = 10 0.5 Q 6.50 10 = - 0.5 Q -3. 50 = - 0 .5 Q 3. 50 = 0.5 Q 2 *3. 50 = 0.5 Q *2 7=1Q Q = 7 When the pricing of the extract fraternity is at ? 6.50, the attendance according to the above mentioned equation will be seven. This means that, the attendance will be at 7, when the pricing is at ? 6.50. Using the above equation, there is a possible curve that could be derived, given the pricing range from ? 0 to ? 10. The pricing and attendance will have change, depending on the curve and preference of the demand. For instance, many people will increase their attendance when the pricing is low. pricing quantity 0 20 1 18 2 16 3 14 4 12 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 4 9 2 10 0 In plotting a demand schedule, there are various considerations that should be factored. The starting time factor is the pricing of the moonshine corporation. The second consideration is the demand for the services of the moonshine club. When the price of the club is at 10, there would be a possible zero attendance. However, when the price of the club is at 0, the atten dance is likely to be at 20. The elasticity of the moonshine club is evident in their pricing. The highest pricing is denoted at 10, which brings a zero attendance. However, when the club decides to reduce its pricing to zero, the attendance will be full at 20. To make a better reflection on the elast5city of the club in pricing, there is need to focus on the equilibrium point. The equilibrium point is where the lines intercept. This is when the price is at ? 6, and the attendance will be denoted at 8. In part B, there are several considerations that could be used to make the favourable changes in the pricing and demand for the services of moonshine club. In the first instance, when a substitute club initiates a reduction of the pricing from ? 5 to ? 4.50, there are possible changes that could be discovered. Since moonshine is charging ? 6.50. With two visits to moonshine club, the customer will be spending ? 13.00. However, going to the substitute charging ? 4.50 will be favorable as the customer would make three visits which will be charged a ? 13.50. ? 5.00 ? 4.50 2 3 In this graph, it is evident that a person would prefer three visits to a substitute club, than spend the equivalent on two visits top moonshine club. In the second scenario, there is a change in the annual income which is a 10 percent increase. With such an increase, there is a possible increase in the

Estimating the Damping in a Single Degree of Freedom System Lab Report

Estimating the Damping in a Single Degree of Freedom formation - Lab Report ExampleThe movements include free response and labored response. Free response is do as a result of initial conditions while forced response is made as a result of come forthgoing input to the system. Free response in this context consists of tremblings at a contingent frequency which is natural. When there is no dumping in the situation, the oscillation continues in the system indefinitely. When there is dumping, the 1 Degree of Freedom undergoes decaying oscillations.Forced response in 1 Degree of Freedom consists of vibrations that occur at a frequency which is majorly dictated by the input of force. Force response sum ups when there is also an increase in input. When there occur an initial transient portion of response, the steady state response contains an oscillation which is at the same frequency as the input. The amplitude and phase in this situation depend on the frequency of input.The main re quirements in the experiment include an oscilloscope, a potentiometer, a variable dumping unit, a digital weighing scale, a helical spring and signal amplifier, Experiment can be carried out for a free a free vibration and forced vibration. For this laboratory, a mechanical pare-chart recorder is to be used to capture the free vibration motion of a simple single-degree-of-freedom system. The strip-chart recorder consists of a scaling pen a fixed to amass carriage, which is movable in the vertical direction, and a continuous strip of paper which, when driven by a rotating drum, moves in a horizontal direction past the pen. A drawing of the single-degree-of-freedom system, with the strip-chart recordThe forced vibration will be provided by a shaker, which is driven by a sine wave function generator. The system is attached to the shaker plate and then forced into motion. The motion is sensed using two accelerometers, one attached to the base and one attached to the speed portion of the system.

Answer 7 Questions materials provided - Training and Development Essay

Answer 7 Questions materials provided - Training and Development Questions - Essay Exampleb) Nominate one topic from the NCVER Statistics publications that you can access, which addresses the statistics of participation in ACE. (NB if not usable electronically, how will you access it?) (2 marks)Karmel, T. & Mlotkowski, P. 2008, School-based apprenticeships and traineeships, NCVER, National Centre for vocational Education Research. Retrieved 3 April 2009 from http//www.ncver.edu.au/statistics/aag/schoolbased/sp08010.pdfOf the six articles and books located in the search of the NCVER website VOCED database listed in the Topic Notes, which one is available in the UNE library, and which author has another publication available in the UNE library. Give full bibliographic dilate and the relevant call numbers from the UNE catalogue.Australian Association of Adult and Community Education, 1992, Striking a sense of balance adult and community education in Australian towards 2000 / edited by Roger Harris and Peter Willis, UNE, Centre for human Resource Studies. Call number 374.994/A938s. Retrieved 3 April 2009 from http//biblio.une.edu.au.ezproxy.une.edu.au/cgi-bin/chameleon?sessionid=2009040401184001311&skin=une&lng=en&inst=consortium&conf=.%2fchameleon.conf& drove=biblio.une.edu.au%2b1111%2bDEFAULT&SourceScreen=INITREQ&scant1=Striking%20a%20balance%3a%20adult%20and%20community%20education%20in%20Australian%20towards%202000%20%2f%20edited%20by%20Roger%20Harri&scanu1=4&elementcount=1&t1=Striking%20a%20balance%3a%20adult%20and%20community%20education%20in%20Australian%20towards%202000%20%2f%20edited%20by%20Roger%20Harri&u1=4&pos=1&itempos=1&rootsearch= cream&function=INITREQ&search=AUTHID&authid=329794&authidu=4a) Identify at least one useful article (for the probe assignment) by the author K Schofield that you accessed via the UNE library. Give accurate bibliographic details and the call number (refer to the UNE Referencing top for the bibliographic details).Schof ield, K. 1996, ACE-VET is it delivering?

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Research Methods - Essay ExampleThis would change profiling the stress factor among the various groups. Since the impact of stress levels on family life and health is cosmos studied, the employees with more than 3 years of work experience would ideally be considered for the interview. Those from both government and private organizations will be included in the interviews. This makes the sample representative (Ejaz et al., 2008).Since the respondents are busy, they would be approached after the dresser hours and their appointment would be obtained keeping their convenience in mind (The Wallace Foundation Knowledge Center, 2013). An orientation regarding the subject, clip requirements and general outline of the questions will also be given to the respondent, prior to getting their consent for the interview. This drives outdoor(a) the fear of unknown from the respondent and also helps in establishing a rapport with the interviewee (Megafon, 2013). The purpose and idea will be expl ained and confidentiality of data would be assured to them. This step would ensure honesty of responses. Their permission would be want to record the interview (Crawford, 1997). The topic of study is sensitive. So, the respondents will be interviewed individually, outside their office premises.5. Have you perpetually experienced any of these problems recently memory problems, anxiety, inability to concentrate, loneliness, depression, dizziness, mood swings, short-temper, insomnia, lack of interest in food, overeating, undetermined aches and pains?The Wallace Foundation- Knowledge Center (2013). In-depth Interviews. ONLINE Available at http//www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/after-school/collecting-and-using-data/Documents/Workbook-E-Indepth-Interviews.pdf. Last Accessed 26 February

Boumediene v. Bush Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Boumediene v. Bush - Case Study ExampleOn June 12, 2002, it was control by the united States authoritative Court that protection of the coupled States Constitution was to be provided to the Guantanamo detainees. On November 20 2008, the court ruled that to allow confrontation competency to be taken lightly would be inconsistent with the Courts obligation the court will grant their askings and order their release. It was a unique case, and if there were any others, they would be factually alike. Nobody should be got into a false sense and that all of the cases would look like that one. compend The Boumediene v. Bush was made in the United States in a civilian court due to Lakhdar Boumedeine at the time he was held captive by the United States in Cuba, at the Guantanamo Bay detention camps. The habeas petition Al Odah v. United States was merged with the case and challenged the authenticity of the detention of Boumedeine at the military base of the United States Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, together with the Military Commissions minute of 2006. The Supreme Court heard the good arguments on the combined case on December 5th 2007. Lakhdar Boumediene in early January 2002 was held in shackles in the United States Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. ... The first habeas case was brought in February 2002 by the Center for radical Rights and counsel on behalf of detainees held at Guantanamo. It had been argued initially by the Bush Administration that the detainees were in a territorial dominion with no right of accessing the federal courts. Therefore, they could not challenge whether they had been detained lawfully. Later on, Congress tried to throw come forth the decision with a series of laws after the United States Supreme Court ruled that the persons in habeas cases could go forward under the federal habeas statute. The laws brought out by congress included the Detainee Treatment Act (2005) and the Military Commissions Act 2006 that made the federal laws to g et rid of habeas jurisdiction for any foreigner held in the U.S custody. Amendments made a much more narrowed survey proceeding in the Court of Appeals as a substitute for habeas review for the Columbia District. This was for individuals to test the militarys categorization of them as the enemy combatants. The Center for Constitutional Rights argued that the DTA process fell short of habeas and could not be corrected due to violations that occurred during the CSRT at Guantanamo (Transnational Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), 2007). Taking the extraterritorial application of the constitution to Guantanamo in consideration, the Court adopted a interoperable approach that it has applied in first cases. Since Guantanamo was outside the sovereign territory of the United States, the constitution did not apply and thus the Court strongly criticized the President and the Congress attempt to declare that. In the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that

Strategic risks †thinking about them differently Essay Example for Free

Strategic gambles thinking some them contrastively EssayOne of the most important aspects to move into consideration when taking up a cypher is drift lay on the line direction. A estimate happen is an event / precondition, which is uncertain that, upon it occurrence accepts each a positive or a negative impact on the learn. A positive coach should consider this as one of the ten knowledge atomic number 18as where competence is superiorly regarded. Risk commission is exact, especially to organizations builds in multi- labour environss and the maturity for assay is high (Loftus, 1999). A wide range of assays is app arnt when working in roams involving building among opposite engineering work. These happens ar mostly attributed to government policy, diversity in stakeholders aspirations and the challenges of adding ninefold regards. For a good stake counsel address, there must be a attract financial statement and brain of roles and responsibilit ies, ripe skills on technical analysis and the prevailing organizational factors should support the start. pop out risk counseling moves identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks and thereafter vexting resources to use in order to reduce, monitor and control those risks that could affect the project negatively and increase documentaryizing of opportunities (Jaafari, 2001). This report seeks to outline the knowledge acquired on management of risk in projects among other basic knowledge gathered on management of projects.Discussion All organizations exist for their own different purposes, and that of public engineering organizations in the social system business, the purpose is to deliver a service, which brings a beneficial declaration in the public/ stakeholders interest (Harrison, 2004). Decisions to pump resources into investments on capital infrastructure are prompted by need that are meant to enhance the achievement of the major(ip) purpose. According to Flan agan and Norman (1993), the benefits of efficient risk management are evident especially in projects involving capital infrastructure because they are dynamic in nature and bring positive cost implications from the construction related decisions. Risk management should be taken as an inwrought part of capital infrastructure investment decisions mainly because, as project, ventures get more elaborate, the role of risk management is exemplified (Kutsch manor hall, 2010). Regarding this realization, some countries have enacted government policies on constructors emphasizing on the need to incorporate risk management in capital infrastructure schemes (Uher Loosemore, 2004). Risk is therefore, in mevery occasions, viewed as a condition or event whose occurrence entrust have adverse effects on the project and whitethorn hinder the attainment of zeal objectives. Hence, risk management relates decisions to such probable harmful effects (Chapman et al, 2012).This philosophic approach to risk management enables the process to be broken down into four fundamental sub-processes (Culp, 2001). These involve identification, analysis, response and monitoring. The former step of identification is the most critical step because it has the biggest effect on decisions emanating from the process of risk management. Reviewing risk management, in his article, Williams (1995), nones that there is little structured work in publication nearly typical risks. According to Chapman (1998), as much as risk identification is critical on the risk discernment and response phases, very little empirical evidence is available at this early phase. The heavier task in risk management remains in the analysis and response to the risk, yet the reasoning stands that unless the risks are identified, they cannot be analyzed and responded to.For most engineers, the need to have a set out program is critical for it provides an umbrella under which all current projects fall so that an outcome can be delivered massively in general, and greater than the total sum of all others. A program is usually temporary, and flexible created to deal and oversee the writ of instruction execution of a set of related projects and activities for the deliverance of beneficial outcomes that relate to the organizations strategic objectives. Several projects are undertaken under this umbrella. This explicitly differentiates between program management outcomes and project management produces. However, there is a link between projects and strategy through the program. Risk management is becoming an progressively important process due to external pressures in existence. However, good risk management is seen as a critical attribute of organizational success in the field of engineering. The assumption that programs are merely extensions of projects should release to exist because many will tend to reflect program risk management to project risk management (Allan, 2008). Program management is a broad extension of the varied, yet related, projects.On projects, it is important to go down one or more objective functions worry capital expenditure and completion season to stand for it to measure the probability of achieving the set targets. Risk management then goes on to model the projects objectives against the projects variables like costs and the quantity of inputs. These variables are usually uncertain as time goes on, hence the distrust of a hundred percent achievement of the objectives set. The most ideal situation would be identifying and characterizing the variables in asseverate providing that they will remain unchanged by time. This would make it easy to estimate the possible risks and the consequent partition of the projects objective(s). However, not all project variables can be identified as pertly-fashioned variables might surface as the project goes on while the probability of occurrence of the initial variables may vary (Kerzner Saladis, 2009). The i mpacts of the initial variables, both positive and negative, may change too hence making risk management even more hard (Drummond, 1999).Certainty and uncertainty of realizing a projects objectives are measurable, only ideally. The possibility of a project not breaking even could be considered as a representative of the whole project and then used in turn to evaluate against the variable and search to reduce the risks involved. This becomes a home for decision-making. Some projects may proceed normally in a persistent environment, hence making the uncertainty high at the time it is conceptualized. Pro-active preparedness and making prudent decisions will see the uncertainty reduce (Royer, 2001). However, uncertainty in complex projects within a changing environment will not necessarily reduce/ diminish as time goes by Chapman (1998). It is necessary to living on checking on the projects variables and re-evaluating of the objective functions status to facilitate adjustments in t he projects strategies. Uncertainty surrounds many parts of a project hence early solving of variables may not be possible always. Variables change over time leading to exposure to new threats and risks along the way. This fact should not be refuted and a lot of work is required in the planning evaluating phases, where most of the critical work is done. In spite of all the uncertainty and complexity surrounding risk management and project management, it is important to seek modes of up the projects base value (Drummond, 1999).Conceptualization, planning, and implementation of a project are complex process that requires management ground on set strategic objectives, which vary from time to time. The objectives should be integrative and holistic in the sense that it caters for social, political, environmental, and partnership aspects (Sears et al, 2010). Traditionally, planning in project management should form the basis of planning, alongside other functions of project management including human resource, time, scope, integrating, theatrical role and procurement. These should be the fundamental factors f consideration along each phase. A variety of guidebooks, protocols and codes of practice in the engineering field have been made available for use in risk management in project management. In the United Kingdom, the Orange book is a cloth that is set to offer focussing on basic risk management concepts and as a resource for developing risk management processes and implementing them I the public sector (Aritua et al 2011). It is also aimed at development a risk based decision-making on investment. There have been many more publications and publications aimed at dictating hoe risk management should project like. These guidelines have offered a basis upon which projects are appraised and their investment viability tested. This has enhanced the process and shifted its reception and perception from project risk management to a risk management strategic lev el (Melton, 2011).In engineering and construction professions, program management and project management came to existence due to the changing procurement environment (Cox et al 2006). In the United Kingdom, procurement of infrastructural assets was done in a concomitant manner, which involved a clear differentiation in the project life cycle phases. Currently there are three major procurement systems. These systems are prime contracting, Design and Build procurement and Private Finance Initiative (Aritua et al 2011). These methods were because of the need to adopt integrative and collaborative project delivery methods. The procurement systems have features like framework agreements, the use of specifications that are output based, and more importantly, emphasis on the lifelong value of the structures (Shehu and Akintoye, 2009). The office of politics Commerce has facilitated the change in construction procurement in the public sector too. The agencys main agenda is to ensure that policies are followed and enhancing promotion of the best performance practices. These systems ensure that the project undertaken is of high quality and regard set policies and guidelines. These sanctions in the public works and construction sector have acted as strategic risk management tools for they ensure quality assurance as well as proper quality management.Project management should incorporate the use of a strategy-based management approach. This will facilitate the integration of planning, risk management and decision-making hence ensuring real time real time realization of an optimum of the projects strategic objective against its variables (Schmidt, 2009). The projects promoters are not always the investors. Investors are not always actively involved in the management of the project, but invest resources into the project hoping to get dividends. The promoters objective, on the other hand, is to deliver a facility that will ensure a long term fit and financially viable bu siness entity. The project is therefore a compromise between the attainment of investors interests and that of the community (Pinto Morris, 2010). Project development should be based on a set of strategic objectives, which stamp the project as a business and entwining project decisions to strategic business decisions (Wearne, 1989). Amid all risks, the project should be be after proactively regarding its variables and with a focus on the life cycle objective functions (Westland, 2007). All life cycle functions should be observed. These are financial functions, customer satisfaction, and policy observance/ adherence to statutory concerns. Statutory concerns could be like those regarding projects adjacent to ecological systems or highly populated areas (Jha, 2011). Proactive planning of the project ensures real time minimization of risk. Effective risk management ensures that there is typical conceptualization of projects and their subsequent implementation using strategic objective s. It also ensures any further variables are assessed and managed accordingly to optimize the projects strategic outcome, that which of a business entity (Heagney, 2011). Since projects are subjected to changes in objectives and variables due to external factors, it is important to incorporate a unceasing risk management process that involves continuous risk and uncertainty management process conducted in real time to bring value to the project manager. Strategies made from risk analysis are a basis upon which decision-making is based going forward. Objectives of the life cycle are the vessel for analysis.Ethical practices are important factors to put into consideration when taking up/ procuring a project (Ralf et al, 2014). There exists codes of conduct and these codes may vary depending on the government regulations from one country to another. These codes guide management of projects, operations and supervision of work, and the technical aspect of the project, which is building. Since the work done is of great importance, the designed code of conduct and ethical measures should be used as they set standards for the output as well as achieving business objectives with the community in regard (Haukur et al, 2011). Reflective assessmentGroup activities that included vast research and group projects were vital in broadening my understanding of the project management theory, which of great importance to establishing and undertaking successful projects. According to Turner (1993), scope management is what the project management theory regards. Scope management involves three fundamental issues ensuring that an adequate amount of work has been done, avoiding doing any unnecessary work and ensuring that the work done fulfills the intended business purpose as stated. The recognition of the sequential state in which activities are undertaken helped us as a group in determining what had to be done at a particular time and by what particular persons as well as account ing for what had been spent on completed work in anticipation of costs that would be accrued in the next steps. I came to understand project management by likening it to production operations management. The crystallization of project management theory to operations management theories made it easy for us to make out the resounding reliance on the transformational theory, which is production oriented. This is because project management involves injecting inputs on which transformational processes occur to bring the result, which is the output (Nell, 1998). Goals are set on the output, upon which a basis for control is placed control systems are put in place to ensure activities align with achieving intended goals and putting improvement measures in place. This deep understanding of the theory has been enhanced mainly by the critical analysis and discourse that we have engaged ourselves with in the group to widen knowledge on the process. Relevant knowledge on management theories on planning, execution and control has expanded from these activities as well as project theories pertaining flow of production (which projects have been likened with) (Sulliman, 2014). These productions method include incorporating techniques such as lean production and just in time (JIT) (Gilbereath, 1922). Ethical practices in governance for contemporary organizations are also a major factor for consideration (Ralf et al, 2014). Conclusively, exploration on the area of project management has instilled in me management skills, which are very critical in discussion projects and managing every aspect in them including risk.ReferencesAllan, N., Davis, J., 2006. Strategic risks thinking about them differently.Proceedings of ICE 159Aritua B., Nigel J. Smith, Denis Bower (2011) foreign ledger of Project Management. United Kingdom University of LeedsChapman, C. B., Ward, S., Chapman, C. B. (2012). How to manage project opportunity and risk Why uncertainty management can be a much bett er approach than risk management the updated and re-titled 3rd ed of Project risk management, processes, insights and technoiques. Chichester, West Sussex Wiley.Cox, A., Ireland, P., Townsend, M. (2006). Managing in construction supply chains and markets Reactive and proactive options for improving performance and relationship management. capital of the United Kingdom Thomas Telford.Culp, C. L. (2001). The Risk Management Process Business Strategy and Tactics. in the altogether York John Wiley Sons.Drummond H 1999. Are we any closer to the end Escalation and the case of Taurus? International ledger of Project ManagementFlanagan, R., Norman, G. (1996). Risk management and construction. Oxford u.a., Blackwell Science.Gilbreath, R. D. (1992). Managing construction contracts Operational controls for commercial risks. freshly York Wiley.Harrison, F. L., Lock, D. (2004). Advanced project management A structured approach. Aldershot, England Gower.Haukur, I. J., Ingason, H. T. (201 3). Project ethics. Farnham, Surrey Gower.Heagney, J. (2011). Fundamentals of Project Management. wise York AMACOM.Jaafari A. (2001) International Journal of Project Management. Sydney University of SydneyJha, K. N. (2011). Construction project management Theory and practice. New Delhi Dorling Kindersley.Kerzner, H., Saladis, F. P. (2009). Project management workbook and PMP/CAPM exam study guide. Hoboken, N.J Wiley.Kutsh E. Hall M. (2010) International Journal Paper of Project Management. United KingdomLoftus, J. (1999). Project management of multiple projects and contracts. London Thomas Telford.Means, J. A., Adams, T. (2005). Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. http//www.123library.org/book_details/?id=9130.Melton, T. (2008). Real project planning developing a project delivery strategy. Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann.Nell, E. J. (1998). The gene ral theory of transformational growth Keynes after Sraffa. New York Cambridge University Press.Pinto, J. K., Morris, P. (2013). The wiley guide to project, program, and portfolio management. Hoboken, N.J Wiley.Ralf M., Rodney T., Erling S.A, Jingting S., Oyvind K. (2014). Ethics, Trust, and Governance in Contemporary Organizations. Norway Project Management InstituteRoyer, P. S. (2001). Project risk management A proactive approach. Vienna, Virg Management Concepts.Schmidt, T. (2009). Strategic project management made simple Practical tools for leading and teams. Hoboken, N.J John Wiley Sons.Sears, S. K., Sears, G. A., Clough, R. H. (2010). Construction Project Management A Practical Guide to Field Construction Management. New York John Wiley Sons, Inc.Shehu, Z., Akintove, A., 2010. Major challenges to the successful implementationand practice of programme management in the constructionenvironment a critical analysis. International Journal of Project ManagementSuliman Saleh Al F redi (2014) International Journal of Science and Technology. Saudi Arabia Al Qassim UniversityUher, T. E., Loosemore, M. (2004). Essentials of construction project management. Sydney UNSW Press.Westland, J. (2007). The project management life cycle a complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, murder closing a project successfully.Williams, T., 1995. A classified bibliography of recent research relating to project risk management. European Journal of Operational ResearchZhang Lianying et al (2012) Procedia Engineering. China Tianjin UniversitySource document

Tides and Times Essay Example for Free

Tides and Times EssayTime is equal an ocean bed with for each one passing tides brings something new, Tides and Times is an article about the history that affected our generation, citizenry that delay to inspire for as long as we can remember. Fernandez mentioned historical people who shape and influence his tone and how any soul can make big changes no matter how small his/her accomplished. He state that any psyche can be part of history, can pass something down to the next generation and should never be ashamed of what we did. Fernandez was saying that change is part of nature and let change be part of our life just people we met change our lives how they affect us and to it to others. Do what you do best be olympian of who you ar no matter what people say not matter what the situation are. We are not like the people on the books, articles and in the past maybe we can never be like them but what really matter is what we can do in our times to show our spark.The article hold forth Jose Rizal about how he was one in a million how he try to avoid mutation at any cost that he was able to fulfill his dreams despite his hardship even at the cost of his life. Even people who wanted to good but ended up failing, Alfred Nobel created the dynamite so that people would fear the power of other countries and stop fighting but only ending up creating more fight between the nations and was named as the merchant of death even after all that Alfred continue to do and search what he could do for mankind.People do great things that no other would do and we record those things in spite of that why? We continue to search for better and amazing things we do it because we are not condiment is because we want to not for us but for the world. Sometimes we do even know that people made a big change in our lives we need to know what did that person do and how did it affects us thousands of people come and go their all part of us.

Effect of Reinforcement Essay Example for Free

military unit of musical accompaniment EssayPsychology as we know it didnt suddenly appear on the able scene. It is impossible to say just when it began, or who was responsible for it. Instead, we can only point to a tote up of current that takes us from philosophy and the natural sciences into some pruneg recognizably psychological. To give you the simple concept of this field, psychology is the case of human and animal look. As judgment of conviction ages, many psychological theories down evolved. Burhus Frederic skinner, as one of the contri saveors has emphasize a theory on learning regarding to individuals demeanor. Skinner believed that the best way to empathize fashion is to look at the causes of an action and its gists. He called this approach operant learn. Skinners theory of operant conditioning was based on the field of study of Thorndike (1905).Edward Thorndike stu break ind learning in animals utilise a puzzle cut to propose the theory known as the Law of Effect Skinner is regarded as the father of operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndikes law of effect. Skinner introduced a new endpoint into the Law of Effect Reinforcement. Behavior which is pay backd cristalds to be repeated (i.e. streng whenceed) behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be wipe outed (i.e. weakened). Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by toping experiments using animals which he hardened in a Skinner Box which was similar to Thorndikes puzzle box. B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcing stimulus which is given subsequently the coveted repartee.A. Background of the studyReinforcement, a term used to refer to anything that annexs the likelihood that a response lead occur. Reinforcement, noted, defined by the effect that it has on behavior it increases or strengthens the behavior. It might involve responses rightfield after the reinforced present a kind of motivation. In this study, we could see the behavior, and the responses made by the break in the instauration of supporting. The errors of the rat in the progress of the experiment shall be observed and noted and shown to practise the queries of the researchers at the same time address curiosity.B. Theoretical BasisPhysiological psychology research has place separate but interactive neural pathways mediating reward and aversion (i.e., functioning as positive and ban advantage systems, respectively). Direct activation of brain reward mechanisms through electrical and chemical stimulation provides a tool for elucidating these neural systems. During the past 4 decades, considerable knowledge has been gained regarding the anatomical and neurochemical basis of these pathways. This brief presentation addresses only brain mechanisms involved in positive wages because they are closely identified with joyousness in humans and because they underlie the primary process governing much of normal behavior.Deprivation and validatory ReinforcesExperts who say educators can use positive reinforces (positive consequences) to get a line students behavior usually dont tell the educators they must first-class honours degree deprive students of what incessantly they plan to use as reinforce. As far back as 1938, Skinner described how deprivation is necessary when a person wants to use reinforces to control another organism. That was when he wrote, in the preface to his book, The Behavior of Organisms An Experimental Analysis (N.Y. Appleton-Century-Crofts) The simplest contingencies involve at least three terms stimulus, response, and payoff and at least one other variable (the deprivation associated with the reinforcement) is implied. I think it is interesting that, stock-still relatively early in his work, Skinner was waffling on his acknowledgment of the central role deprivation plays in operant conditioning. Notice how he says there are at least three terms, and at least one other variable (the deprivation associated with the reinforcement) is implied.Make no mistake about it, deprivation is not merely implied it is the essential action that allows behaviorists to create the illusion that reinforcement controls behavior, whether the behavior occurs in the experimental laboratory, the classroom, or the slaughterhouse. Watsons S-R behavioristic psychology described behavior as reflexive responses to stimuli. Skinners radix behaviorism described behavior as responses in the presence of stimuli that were associated with reinforcers, where the reinforcers worked because the organism was deprived. The formula in Skinners psychology is stimulus-response-reinforcement (+deprivation) S-R-R (+D). (Sometimes the formula is written, Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence, or A-B-C. I would add +Deprivation, making the formula A-B-C (+D).)Without deprivation, or denial of access to something an organism wants or of necessity, th ere is no reinforcement. If a rat eats pellets of intellectual nourishment until it stops of its own accord, then the behaviorist cannot use pabulum to reinforce the rats actions. If a child has all of the attention he or she needs or wants, then a teacher cannot use attention to reinforce the childs behavior. No deprivation, no control of behavior. No control of behavior, no discipline program The following passage, from one of the Bibles of laboratory research orders for radical behaviorists, describes how completely they relied on deprivation to create the illusion that reinforcers control behavior. In 1957, C. B. Ferster and B. F. Skinner wrote that Birds are sometimes matched on deprivation level as measured by the rate of responding under a variable-interval schedule. for each one bird is run for a session of fixed length each dayC. Related publicationsWhat is Reinforcement?Reinforcement theory is the process of shaping behavior by controlling the consequences of the beha vior. In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior. Any behavior that elicits a consequence is called operant behavior, because the individual operates on his or her environment. Reinforcement theory concentrates on the relationship between the operant behavior and the associated consequences, and is sometimes referred to as operant conditioning.REINFORCEMENT, PUNISHMENT, AND extinguishingThe most important principle of reinforcement theory is, of course, reinforcement. Generally speaking, there are two types of reinforcement positive and negatively charged. Positive reinforcement results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequence has the effect of change the probability of the behavior being repeated. The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforced. An example of positive reinforcement might be a salesperson that exerts extra effort to meet a sales quota (behavior ) and is then rewarded with a bonus (positive reinforce). The administration of the positive reinforce should make it more than likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld, with the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement is lots confused with punishment, but they are not the same.Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Thus, both positive and negative reinforcement exact the effect of increasing the probability that a grumpy behavior will be well-educated and repeated. An example of negative reinforcement might be a salesperson that exerts effort to increase sales in his or her sales territory (behavior), which is followed by a decision not to reassign the salesperson to an undesirable sales route (negativ e reinforce). The administration of the negative reinforce should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future.As mentioned above, punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors being exhibited. Punishment is the administration of an undesirable behavioral consequence in order to depress the occurrence of the unwanted behavior. Punishment is one of the more unremarkably used reinforcement-theory strategies, but many learning experts suggest that it should be used only if positive and negative reinforcement cannot be used or have previously failed, because of the potentially negative side do of punishment. An example of punishment might be demoting an employee who does not meet performance goals or suspending an employee without pay for violating work rules.Extinction is similar to punishment in that its purpose is to reduce unwanted behavior. The process of extinction begins when a valued behavioral cons equence is withheld in order to decrease the probability that a learned behavior will continue. Over time, this is likely to result in the ceasing of that behavior. Extinction may alternately serve to reduce a wanted behavior, much(prenominal) as when a positive reinforce is no longer offered when a desirable behavior occurs. For example, if an employee is continually praised for the barrackness in which he completes his work for several months, but receives no praise in subsequent months for such behavior, his desirable behaviors may diminish. Thus, to avoid unwanted extinction, managers may have to continue to offer positive behavioral consequences. What is motivation?Definition of MotivationMotivation refers to the reasons underlying behavior (Guay et al., 2010, p. 712). Paraphrasing Gredler, Broussard and Garrison (2004) broadly define motivation as the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something (p. 106). inherent motivation is motivation that is animated by perso nal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. As Deci et al. (1999) observe, Intrinsic motivation energizes and sustains activities through the spontaneous satisfactions inherent in effective volitional action. It is manifest in behaviors such as play, exploration, and challenge seeking that people often do for external rewards (p. 658). Researchers often contrast ingrained motivation with extrinsic motivation, which is motivation governed by reinforcement contingencies. Traditionally, educators consider intrinsic motivation to be more desirable and to result in better learning outcomes than extrinsic motivation (Deci et al., 1999).Although the use of derived function reinforcement has been recommended in previous investigations and in early intervention curriculum manuals, few studies have evaluated the best method for providing differential reinforcement to maximize independent responding. This paper reviews previous research on the effectiveness of differential reinforcement as treatme nt and describes important areas of future research. Keywords acquisition, differential reinforcement, early intervention, reinforcement quality, reinforcement schedules derivative reinforcement is an operant procedure used to increase the occurrence of desirable behavior while concurrently decreasing undesirable behavior. The use of differential reinforcement is recommended in early intervention (EI) programs because children in EI often do not acquire skills in the absence of motivational procedures (Karsten Carr, 2009 Leaf McEachin, 1999 Lovaas, 2003).In addition, prompting procedures may be necessary initially, because children who require EI may not have extensive skill repertoires that could be loose to differential reinforcement. Thus, one challenge in EI programming is to identify differential reinforcement procedures that minimize prompt dependence and promote independent responding as the ultimate goal. However, only a few studies have examined the do of differential reinforcement on independent and prompted responding in EI programs. Therefore, the purposes of this review are (a) to provide a analysis of previous research related to differential reinforcement during acquisition-based procedures in EI and (b) to suggest areas of future research.Schedules of reinforcementStudies have examined variations in differential reinforcement schedules for prompted and independent responding to identify schedules that increase the efficiency of learning (i.e., quickly increase independent responding). Olenick and Pear (1980) implemented differential reinforcement during tact training using 5-s constant time delay (hereafter referred to as prompt delay) with 3 children with severe intellectual disabilities. The evaluation included four conditions. In two of the conditions, reinforcement was provided on a fixed-ratio (FR) 6 or 8 schedule. Reinforcement was provided on an FR 1 schedule for correct independent responses and on an FR 6 or FR 8 schedule for pr ompted responses in the ternary condition. In the fourth condition, reinforcement was provided on an FR 1 schedule for prompted responses and on an FR 6 or 8 schedules for correct independent responses.Results indicated that all participants had the highest true statement and number of independent responses on the FR 1 schedule for independent responses. These findings suggest that schedules of reinforcement that estimate independent responding may produce more rapid skill acquisition. However, the authors implemented a fairly thin schedule of reinforcement in the first two conditions (i.e., FR 6 or 8) and did not conduct any sessions at a 0-s prompt delay, both of which are inconsistent with typical procedures used in EI (Walker, 2008). Thus, it is not clear that the results of this study are representative of acquisition in clinical settings, in which plenteous schedules of reinforcement and a 0-s prompt delay are used most typically in initial stages of learning.What is Laten t learning?Latent learning is a theory in psychology that describes learning without a reward. An organism learns a new concept simply from observation and without any obvious reinforcement. The organism may not be consciously aware of its new skill until it suddenly expresses that skill when it becomes useful at a later date. For instance, a person can casually observe other people using chopsticks to eat and discover much later that he or she can use them correctly without ever being taught. A classic experiment in psychology illustrates how latent learning works. Edward C. Tolman and C.H. Honzik famously determined three groups of rats inside a maze, where the rats were allowed to wander around.One rat group always received a food reward when go throughing the end of the maze, while the second group found no food at the end. The third group found no food at the end of the maze for ten days but discovered food on the 11th day. The first group of rats learned to reach the end of the maze quickly to reach the food. The second group continued to wonder around the maze. The third group acted similarly to the second group until food was placed at the end of the maze on the last day. One day after food was placed the third group had already learned to reach the end of the maze as quickly as the first group.

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shellys Frankenstein seeThe director has made it clear to the audience that the film will be about life and death by having a statue of Jesus almost toppling over, next to a large figure of the grim reaper representing death. When Frankenstein is digging the grave up, he throws dirt over the statue, perhaps representing how he has no respect for death. The prop and costumes are utilise reflect the setting and atmosphere. Dr. Frankensteins clothes differ from the rest of the cast, wearing a cravat and uncontaminating shirt the director may have d matchless this to represent his higher status in society, compared to the mourners or Frankensteins hunch dressing assistant. In Branaghs film the costumes are all precise similar, they play no major bug out in the first four minutes studied. However they help to keep in with the mono burnish of the ice and pale faces. These bland colours create a stark and dramatic personal credit line to the agleam red blood which comes on screen when the monsters hand dramatically appears. The make up worn by the characters in Whales film is heavy, pronounced and truly theatrical designed so that people in the field of operation could see the faces from far away, but on camera it looks exaggerated and over the top.Branagh has used make-up subtly and realistically, creating red cheeks to show cold conditions alongside messy hair and unshaven faces to represent the length of succession since the characters have been near civilization. Whales theatrical past suggests why all the facial expressions and movements are prominent and exaggerated. Although Branagh excessively has a distinguished history in theatre, Whale was working in the beginnings of Hollywood when cinema was pictured much same(p) theatre on screen.In the first close ups of Fritz and Frankenstein they are both spacious which connotes stereotypical mad scientists and both characters creep around the graveyard with dramatic stage whispers. The facia l expressions and emotions in Branaghs Frankenstein are far less obvious and it is due to this fact that there is a lot to a bulkyer extent change in emotion over a short space of time. During a few minutes, the expressions of one character changed from fear, to pride, to concentration and then anger. This emotion change is slightly exaggerated to let the audience lock away and empathize with the characters.One way that Branagh lets the audience use their imagination is by his use of positioning at heart the frame. Most shots are actually closely cropped to the faces so that we can see expressions clearly. However, when the monster was killing the dogs, Branagh modishly clipped the shots so that the suspense could be continued and prolonged. This method of positioning is a big contrast to Whales. Most of the shots in his version are mid or long and there are very few point-of-view or close ups. This is partly due to the lack of technology and experience.Branagh may have used m ore adventurous and interesting angles but he has had 60 years of Hollywood to look back on Whale was at a huge disadvantage in this respect and this should of course be considered when deciding who is the better director. Whale did try and be adventurous in some respects he used an effective high angle shot towards the end of the four minutes, it showed Fritz and Frankenstein walking towards the gallows, which heightened the feeling of a change of setting, and it clearly showed the rocky landscape, which also increased the mind of fear.Whale has placed the characters so that they were very central within the frame. The camera sticks to the action and follows it, much like if one were watching a play, a method most probably influenced by Whales history in theatrical directing. Branaghs editing is a great deal faster than Whales so this gives him more scope to change the camera angles. However, the reason for this difference in speed could be down to the settings of the expositions, not effectiveness of directing.Branaghs film begins in a chaotic thrust with lots of action, whereas Whale tries to connote sense of fear and slow eeriness. Branagh tries to create an emotional impact and takes it for granted that the audience will understand and follow the action, whereas Whales style is more conventional and his editing is used for working purposes and to see the setting and to follow the action. As an audience in the 20 and 21st century, we are so used to the conventional shock tactics, that we fail to take into account their effect in older films, such as Whales Frankenstein.Although aspects of Whales production may seem dated to todays audience, theres an atmosphere present that would be hard to re-create, flat with technological advances. Kenneth Branaghs Frankenstein, for all its use of modern technology, lacks the atmospheric prove up that Whales seems to have. Whales film is more like the nineteenth century novel his style suits the slow unveiling of narrative, as in the book, whereas Branagh conveys a sense of action and fast moving suspense to satisfy the ever-demanding audience.The fast moving action means that Branagh has not had a chance to build up a sense of fear everything is over dramatized and with a very fast pace. Although Branagh has indeed created an atmospheric build up, using all the modern technology available, James Whales Frankenstein has stood the attempt of time and, although it was directed 63 years before Branaghs, has used the most effective techniques available to build up an atmosphere of tension and fear.If an audience of today find Whales directing more or equally effective than Branaghs then imagine how well it would have worked on audiences unaccustomed to this level of horror within a film. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written slicing of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Undertake a Project Essay Example for Free

Under espouse a couch EssayQ1.A cast is a defined do of contrivened and managed activities carried out for a period of time, which has a defined start and end time. (State of parvenu southward Wales, Dep of Education and T rainf totallying 2013, Topic 1, p.1) E.g. the erection of bus stop shelters on all bus bread in the suburb of Wellwish.The features of a roll include* Having a defined get goingning and end date. (The construe allow run for approximately 7 months) * It has unique purpose with specific objectives that meet the clients goals and requirements within specified quality and public presentation criteria. (The bus shelters exit provide protection from the sun and rain in summer and rainy for bus commuters in the suburb). * Uses resources, such as money, time, people and equipment that have been allocated to the ascertain. (This drift give be go source of income to the local community as they will be assiduous to undertake approximately of the crop) * Usually follows a planned and structured approach to meet their objectives. (The will be road and foot class closures in the argonas where the construction of the bus shelter will be, but in that location will be notices in advance of which roads will be affected. This will minimise some(prenominal) unforseen accident from the members of the Wellwish suburb). * Have a primary sponsor or stakeholders who provide directions and funding. (Apart from the local council being the primary(prenominal) sponsor of this project, the local community will be given up-to-date information on the supercharge of this project and any disruptions which might occur in the process).Q21.Planning Originates Controlling In plan process, the objectives or targets are to be set, and to achieve those goals, tell process is demand. So we can say that Planning precedes insure.2. Control sustains provision Controlling directs the course of planning. Controlling spots the areas where planning is requi red.3. Controlling provides information for planning In imperious, the performance is compared with standards and deviations, if any, are to berecorded. The information call fored during any type of control, is used for planning also.4. Planning and control are inter-related Planning is the initial step of a project and controlling is in the process and required at every step. For the same both are dependent upon each some other and inter-related.5. Both are forward looking Planning is always for the future and control is forward looking. No one has the control on past, it is only the future, which can be controlled.There are tools which will be using in the smooth operation of the project of erection of bus shelters in the suburb of Wellwish. In this project I have decided to use three tools which will assist us in the planning and controlling of activities throughout the length the project, they are the work breakdown schedule (WBS), the Gantt chart and the critical path metho d. THE discipline BREAKDOWN SCHEDULE (WBS)This tool will help us high light the goals of the project, its objectives, its businesss and sub-tasks and all the work activities which will be undertaken during the construction the bus shelters in the suburb (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and teach 2013, Topic 2, p.12). THE GANTT CHARTSThis is the most used chart in most projects undertaken. They will be used to acquaint various forms of project schedule information during the construction of the bus shelters. This chart will help us to see if the anticipated start and finish dates for the activities called for in a plan are on schedule. (Cole,2013, pp.505).They will be represented in a series of horizontal bars or lines in a given month/months. CRITICAL PATH METHODSThis tool will be used to analyse the duration of the project by calculating the longest path within the project i.e which task will take the shortest period and longest period to complete. This will help us to focus and manage closely the task which might take long to complete (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.14).Q3 institutionA solid project initiation will not only set your project up for success but it will also lay the groundwork for all future stages. During initiation, I will get the project team members designate, brief them on the overall project goals and ask the client or project owner as many questions as possible so you can plan the project efficiently. This is also a great time to build team enthusiasm about the project and collect any last minute details that might influence project planning. (Stricker, 2013) PlanningOnce I have initiated the project and gathered all relevant information, I will then begin planning the project. Katie Stricker (2013) explains that the planning stage will depends on the size of the project, how much information i have to manoeuver and how large your team is. The end result of planning should be a c lear project plan or schedule, from which everyone will follow their assigned tasks. Using a project-planning program such as Microsoft Project or Basecamp will be extremely helpful when planning a project. I will be using Excel and Word to create my plan and communicate it to the team will be the most effective way. ExecutionThis is stage in which the team can begin executing the project against their assigned tasks (Stricker, 2013). This is the stage where everyone actually starts doing the work. I will officially kick-off the execution stage with in-person meetings to ensure everyone has what they posit to begin executing their part of the project. Getting the team started on the right track is essential to projects success, so a well-articulated schedule and communions plan will made clearly to all the team members. Monitor and ControlWhile the project is in the execution stage, i will begin monitoring and controlling it to ensure its proceeding along as planned. There are a assortment of ways I will be monitoring and controlling the project. Casual check-ins with team leaders, trick outd passing(a) stand-ups or more formal weekly status meetings are effective. The information that comes out ofthese meetings or communication channels will inform the feedback loop and ultimately any re-planning and adjustments that will be necessary to the project (Stricker, 2013). Project CloseOnce all the details and tasks of the project are complete and approved by the council of Wellwish, then I will finally close the project. The closing of a project is just as important as its initiation, planning and execution. I will be documenting all the information from the project and organize it neatly so if there will be need to go back to it, the information will be readily available. This will be also a good time to hold a review on the project so all team members can reflect on what went right, or wrong during the project. This should also be documented so the outcome can be shared with other project members and filed in a project history fold (Stricker, 2013).KEY ES EFS LS LF pull up stakes 2 Activities of the critical path.1 B 65 $45 6 5 116 D 105 $52 11 4 1310 F 144 $56 14 4 1818 H 200 $30 18 2 200 A 15 $20 5 1 63 E 58 $40 11 2 1310 G 133 $36 13 3 161 C 38 $30 9 2 1116 I 200 $60 16 4 20(S=LF-EF or S= LS-ES)Cost ($000s)b) The duration of the critical path was 6 monthsActivity 1m 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms 11ms 12ms 13ms 14ms 15ms 16ms 17ms 18ms 19ms 20ms A $20 B $45 $45 $45 $45 $45 C $30 $30 D $52 $52 $52 $52 E $40 $40 F $56 $56 $56 $56 G $36 $36 $36 H $30 $30 I $60 $60 $60 $60Cost ($000s) pen LISTStricker, Katie 2013, The five stages of a project, Viewed 09/09/13, http//www.management.about.com/od/projectmanagement/a/Five-Stages-of-a-Project.htm Cole,K 2013, Management theory an d practice, 5th edn Pearson Australia, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Define project, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, school project plans, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW

Development of personality Essay Example for Free

Development of individualality EssayWhen occupying hu human race manner, specific completelyy focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a conversion of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to the attempt to understand hotshotself and others and is part of the way in which it accounts for the differences that contribute to the great unwasheds individuality. Psychologists let been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. People have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. Individuals can choose from as more models they can to help them see themselves better and maintain good relationships. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical app earance. It admits habits, attitudes, and each the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possess es. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioural styles covered in the bleed, perhaps, best captivate an individuals personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of non-homogeneous characteristics is seen.Like a psychograph, a persons profile is pulled unitedly and at a glance, the individual can be comp ared with other people in terms of relation strengths and weaknesses (Corey 2005). Personality is defined as integrated general characteristics of the individuals total behavior and his or her unique ad furtherment in the environment. Personality theory is a set of assumptions concerning human behavior together with rules for relating these assumptions and definitions to permit their interaction with empirical or observable events.Personality psychology is a scientific study of mental functioning concerning internal drives, inner motive, repressed feelings, thoughts, and conflicts as the nature of personality (Feis t and Feist, 2006). Behavior is depict and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this whitethorn non thoroughly and completely be effected in some endeavors, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are at bottom his conscious awareness.Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological conundrums are common to group relations, in whatever frame flex a person or group of individuals come from. The goals of treatment for instance, using the psychodynamic model, overwhelm alleviating patient of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychodynamic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the patient (Models of abnormality, National fender College Trust, Ltd).Employing the psychodynamic attitudepoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, o r neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. The treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as like by either the therapist or by the client). In the integrated or eclectic barbel the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client.Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not unendingly be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but incomplete is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative do in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in persisting or facilitating the changes or varietys.It is very much essential that (in the spot of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the pass or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue ordain be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic glide path utilized.It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. education principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Promoting therapy Psychotherapists believe that therapy contributes a lot to the improvement of the psychological condition of the client (Snyder, 1994). Therapy can come in many varied forms and the use of these or any of these has been proved to be of vital significance to clients from various walks of breeding and with myriads of problems or mental and emotional challenges.Therapy may be long-termed analytical experiences or reckons or abbreviated problem-oriented treatment/intervention. Whatever the case, these consultations and in-depth interactions and activities mingled with a practitioner therapist and the client in most cases, are beneficial (Mutha, 2002). It is whence wrong to argue that with or without treatment patients recover or improve because elusive issues are overlooked with this statement or findings. Firstly, studies were done with findings that were more correlational rather than experimental (Mutha, 2002).Secondly, the fragment of catharsis is a powerful ingredient or element of the healing process and many of those without seek professional help happened to be with a support group whose experiences were years of gaining knowledge and skills from the experts and experienced counselors (Mutha, 2002). It is accredited that there have been substantial evidences as well that improvement with cases have occurred these are usually attributed the same reasons. Specifically, psychotherapy enables a client or patient to help ease his anxiety, managing his fears from the mundane or picayune to the horrific.Quality of life, wellness and recovery are primary goals aside from the usual notion that psychotherapy is just a crutch for someone who may not actually have a real psychological problem (Snyder et al, 2000). This last phrase is true for some people who needed more than the advice or the listening ear precisely, they needed a human ace who is intent on knowing and understanding them. Personality cognitive theories are concerned with constructive alternativism with which the alternative scientific constructs may provide a useful view of the world.George Kellys the Psychology or Personal Construct Social cognitive theories explain personality as a reciprocal interaction among behavior invol ving observation, cognition including self-efficacy, and environment making a chance encounter and fortuitous events (Feist and Feist, 2006). Albert Banduras Social Cognitive theory Cognitive social teaching theories describe behavior as a function of the expectation of reinforcements and strength of needs satisfied by those reinforcements.Behavior is make by the interactions of person variables much(prenominal) as competencies, encoding, strategies, expectancies, values and goals, and the self-regulatory system with situation variables (Feist and Feist, 2006). behavioural Model The Behavioral model utilizes what is termed as the skill theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i. e. , conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing.Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual forget be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain finish this still works reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people this stance can be separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach. In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those malfunctioning and unwanted manifestations revealed in ones activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist.The basic concepts include extinguishing utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and take away and in their place habits that are healthy are established ( certain and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called successive approximations. When these ( incidentors) are reinforced such as through rewards in natural and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Corey, 2005).Although few psychologists instantly would regard themselves as strict behaviorists, behaviorism has been very authoritative in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. There are different emphases within this discipline though. Some behaviorists contend plainly that the observation of behavior is the best or most advantageous rule of exploring psychological and cognitive processes. Others consider that it is in reality the only way of examining such processes, mend still others argue that behavior itself is the only appropriate subject of psychology, and that familiar psychological terms such as belief only refer to behavior.Albert Banduras social cognitive approach grew out of this movement. Banduras method emphasizes cognitive processes over and above observable behavior, concentrating on not only the influence of the persons upbringing for example, but also observa tion, imitation, and thought processes (Corey, 2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Model Becks Cognitive Therapy The Becks Cognitive therapy is one of the most popular and widely studied therapies in the market today and countless times proven the effectiveness of the treatment style or the kind of interventions that had been favored by the doctors.Its stance boils down to appreciating the effects of biology, emotions and environment on the individual and pursues changes in those levels (Padesky and Mooney, 1990). There are various adaptations or revisions of the strategy today and remains to be top of the list in mental institutions all over the world. In the cognitive approach alone, it understands that an individual at varying times in his life has error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, impossible expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing.These habits lead to confusion , frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and prescribed worldview a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the situation that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had handsome choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future.Cognitive-Behavioral approach facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist (Ellis Beck in Corey, 2004). For the Cognitive Behaviorist viewpoint, issues are dealt directly in a realistic way. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be reorganized. For in stance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his responsiveness to the issue.When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). The systems theory distribute of the therapy indicates that whatever is occurring or happening is not isolated but is a working part of a bigger context. In the family systems approach then, no individual person can be understood when aloof from his relationships whether in the present or past, and this is specially focused on the family he belongs to (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist.With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to piss a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immedi ate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible.The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all. In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the formers routine is to change or modify the latters maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing.These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappoin tment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had heavy(a) choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future.Just as the cognitive-behavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus. In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004 Davison a nd Neale, 2001).Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patients ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the formers role is to change or modify the latters maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing.These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are ma ny things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004).Coaching the patient on the timber by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be reorganized. For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004).