Deductive Argument Essay Example for Free

Deductive Argument EssayIn this essay I will be arguing against Platos theory of experience given in the Republics divided line. I will distinguish the differences and similarities in the epistemological concepts of Plato and Aristotle intending to explain how one comes to contain knowledge and the operation through which its obtained. As support, I will explain Platos theory of changes and Aristotles theory of essence because they ar a direct correlativity to their view of knowledge through genuinelyity. Platos theory of Forms is a theory of knowledge and a theory of being.He describes, in the divided line, the division of existence. Plato believes the generator of our knowledge is separate from this domain of a function. Participation connects us to this world. In the divided line he separates the visible and the intelligible or becoming and being. The top half is knowledge and the bottom half as opinion. The bottom half represent the lesser of reality, which include s perception and imagination, along with physical objects and shadows. The upper half includes metaphysics, higher forms, mathematical forms, epistemology, appreciation and thinking.His theory of Forms involves images, sensible objects, concrete forms and knock off forms. Images are the lowest form of knowledge. Images only provide us with opinion and imagination. Sensible objects comes next which provides us with eyesight something and having a belief about it by sensing it and perceiving it. Concrete forms allow us understanding, meaning we understand the parts of X by thinking. Finally, the highest form is the abstract form which is the most essential pure thought of what X is.To Plato, this Essence is unfailing and unchanging, making it necessary and true. According to Plato we know X, if and only if we have a direct grasp of Xs form or essence. Lets break this argument d induce. So Imagination is a state of forefront which takes sensible example notions at face value just as it does sensible appearances or forms of the world at face value. For example, if you are viewing a palm tree you are using your imagination and Plato says is our opinion about what we are viewing, a palm tree. So imagination is perception and not knowledge.If A (Imagination is taking sensible notions and appearances or forms of the world at face value) then B (imagination is perception). A? B A ?B Using our putting green smack we have belief in the reality of the visible objects and concrete moral teachings (sufficient tend for action) without knowledge of the reason for much(prenominal) beliefs. Belief is faith and conviction, not knowledge. If C (Using our common sense we have belief in the reality of the visible objects and concrete moral teachings (sufficient guide for action) without knowledge of the reason for such beliefs) then D (belief is faith and conviction).C ? D C ?D If A (Imagination is taking sensible notions and appearances or forms of the world at face valu e), B (Imagination is perception), C (Using our common sense we have belief in the reality of the visible objects and concrete moral teachings (Sufficient guide for action) and D (Belief is faith and conviction), then E (Belief and imagination are opinion and not knowledge). A B C D ? E A B C D ?E Thinking is reasoning from enter to conclusion.This reasoning is the bridge from opinion to knowledge that is brought on by higher education, especially mathematics because pure mathematics and applied mathematics are tools utilise to understand X. Therefore, thinking is only understanding, not knowledge. So if F(thinking is reasoning from premise to conclusion and uses tools to gain understanding) then G(thinking is understanding). F? G F ?G From the rock-steady or Episteme comes from intellect which consist of reason and dialect. This comes from philosophic conversation (dialect) by promontory and answer seeking (reasoning) an account of X.Therefore, knowledge or Episteme is the form of the unattack equal. So, If H (knowledge comes from philosophic conversation (dialect) by question and answer seeking (reasoning) an account of X) then I (we have knowledge or Episteme and the form of the correct) H ? I H ?I If F (thinking is reasoning from premise to conclusion and uses tools to gain understanding), G (thinking is understanding), H (knowledge comes from philosophic conversation (dialect) by question and answer seeking (reasoning) an account of X) then I (we have knowledge or Episteme and the form of the good).F G H ? I FGH ?I Aristotle has similar concepts as Plato on knowledge that is best describes through his theory of Essence. He argues that scientific knowledge is the highest form of knowledge and is only concerned with this world and not a transcendent world like Plato. His forms include appearance, matter, concrete forms and abstract forms. He explains that we gain knowledge first through our senses and are able to view appearances. Using the senses act ivates our imagination that gives us opinion. After appearance is matter.When we engage in experience we come to know matter and by doing so we have belief. Similar to Plato, Aristotle claims concrete forms come next by knowing abstraction or the classification of X which provides us with understanding. And finally he agrees with Plato in that scam form is what makes X, X. By intellectually grasping the essence of X we have knowledge. Aristotle defines essence as the sense on matter and form. Matter is material and form is eternal. Appearances are imagination and imagination perceives only through the senses.Here Aristotle is in agreement with Plato in that if A (Imagination is a state of mind which takes sensible moral notions at face value just as it sensible appearances or forms of the world at face value) then B (imagination is perception). A? B A ?B Matter gives us belief because If C (Using our common sense we have belief in the reality of the visible objects and concrete mor al teachings (sufficient guide for action) without knowledge of the reason for such beliefs) then D (belief is faith and conviction). C? D C ?D.The classification or abstraction of what distinguishes X over a different X is understanding. For example, to know what makes a palm tree, a palm tree and a coconut tree, a coconut tree. Therefore, thinking is understanding. So if F (thinking is reasoning from premise to conclusion and uses tools to gain understanding) then G (thinking is understanding). F ? G F ?G Plato argues knowledge comes from a final good or Goodness, which is the level above scientific understanding to which the human mind is capable in rising. This rising to a higher level is called Episteme.He says that in that respect is only one form (idea) of everything that only exists in the thought universe or the mind of the creator. This intellectual truth is truer than physical truth. Aristotle on the new(prenominal) hand argues that knowledge come from the human essence tilos or rationality. So, knowledge is reaching rational activity excellently and scientific knowledge is the end of it. They both(prenominal) agree on essence being eternal and unchanging. They may separate from the matter, recycle and get involved with other matter but the forms are eternal and unchanging.I agree with Aristotle because Plato confuses the human ability of abstraction with independent existence. As humans we can generalize and find common features in separate objects such as red things but that does not mean that there exists somewhere something called redness. He is attempting to explain reality with the addition of a transcendent world. Aristotle is interested in explaining the world as a changing world Platos forms do not change so they cannot help in explaining the phenomena of change in the data-based world. According to Aristotle, we do not acquire knowledge all in one moment but rather through a process.He says objects of real existence are the ones that w e encounter through our sense perception, known as his theory of empiricism (which is too much to go further into) in this he argues again that all knowledge originates from experience. This contradicts Platos two world theory. I found it very hard to illustrate both views of knowledge because the extensive randomness they use to explain it so I broke it down in the way I understood it. In the end, I found myself becoming my own philosopher in researching the works of such great minds.I feel these arguments create the rationality that people forget to practice when its the one thing that separates us as humans. Works Cited Puanthanh Gangmei, Platos theory of knowledge and forms (www. blogcastor. com October 16, 2011) http//blogcastor. com/plato%e2%80%99s-theory-of-knowledge-and-forms/, November 22 2011. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Epistemology http//faculty. washington. edu/smcohen/320/thforms. htm http//www. filthylucre. com/plato-versus-aristotle-theory-of-forms-and-causes htt p//www. iep. utm. edu/aristotl/ http//www. iep. utm. edu/aristotl/ http//www. iep. utm. edu/middlekn/

Lives of the Saints Essay Example for Free

Lives of the Saints EssayIn Shakespeares Hamlet and Nino Riccis Lives of the Saints both demonstrate different visions of women. Comparing weak and irresolute women in Hamlet as to strong and indep annihilateent women in Lives of the Saints.Ophelia in Hamlet is useized many times as a weak women especially in the quote, frailty thy name is woman. She is completely dependent on her father and proves her dependence when she acts cruel to Hamlet. Which goes against her true feelings toward Hamlet. Afterwords Ophelia agrees to not see Hamlet anymore, I shall obey my lord. Which shows Poloniouss control over his daughter. Ophelias actions show that she will do anything to please her father, even making a individualal sacrifice which she doesnt agree with. Ophelias desire to please her father leads her to be used as a puppet in order for the King and Polonious to shit on Hamlet, Ophelias willingness to spy on a per discussion she truly loves, shows her true nature toward her fath er.Even when Hamlet harasses Ophelia and tells her to go to a nunnery, Ophelia had the inability to defend herself. When her father passes on, Ophelia is left by herself, with no one to give her guidance. Instead of trying to move on with her life, she calls for her brother hoping he will have a plan for her, My brother shall have it away of it and so I thank you for your good counsel. Poloniouss was irreplaceable and finally Ophelia realizes this I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father died.The moment of the violets are that they symbolize faithfulness and they all died because she felt useless without her father.Ophelias death is in result of her dependence and weakness of character.Overall, Ophelia goes mad because she has no localisation in society. Men have continuously ordered her around, used her, pulling her mind in every direction. She put her faith in one person and never made her own decisions. Similar to Ophelia is Gertrude. She is also ch aracterized by the quote, frailty thy name is woman. Gertrude depends on her husband. Gertrude longing for the attention that she loses when her husband dies, quickly marries Claudius, her husbands brother. Shakespeare displays that women have no back bone and our weak. As if they could not live with out others, men especially.Nino Ricci demonstrates a whole different side of women, he shows that women are strong and independent. The character that illustrates these qualities is Cristina, she raised her child Vittorio alone. Unlike the women in Hamlet, Cristina didnt need a man to help her raise her child or to get through life. When her son gets beat up at school, she doesnt just ignore it. She takes physical action about the situation Ill make her pay for this, Vittorio, youll see, by the blood of deliveryman Ill make her pay. The wiping at some tears in her own eyes, she took me suddenly by the hand and marched me out the door into the street. (107).Cristina is defiantly not a pushover and stands up for what she believes in. She lives in a village where the women stay at home and the men work out in the field and everyone believed in hostile superstitions. Cristina was against her villages expectations and went against what everyone thought. Cristina is outspoken and self-assured. She has a feminist point of view and is vey confident in it, she says Hes probably slept with every whore in America by now, but for me its a disgrace. (154). Cristina is explaining about her husband Mario but it is also a statement in general about men. Guys can go around going from girl to girl to girl and its not a problem. But if a women were to do the same thing, even if it was just with one computed tomography its an absolute disgrace. This book was based in 1960 and the same sentence could apply to 2012. Also has significance to the text because she had an affair and the whole town found out, which indeed they treated her with disgust.Cristina also states Women have h ad their faces up their asses for too long, they let their men run around like goats and then theyre happy if they dont come home and beat them (154) It is demeaning that women are seen as whores when they have affairs, especially when its said by other women. Theyre oppressing their own gender when adage it. She finally decides to move away and says her final words to the village You are the ones who are dead,not me, because not one of you knows what it means to be free and to make a choice, and I pray to God that he wipes this town and all its stupidities off the face of the earth (184)Most women wouldnt have spoke there mind, especially a woman like Ophelia or Gertrude. Cristina constantly fought with her father and always disagreed Long arguments were carried on daily between kitchen and bedroom, tension hovering around.(154). She finally got fed up with living with her father and hearing his opinion she said Then to hell with all of you Ill go to Rome, Naples, anywhere. She had the courage and strength to leave her father and expire a life somewhere else, mean while Ophelia couldnt last a couple days with out her father and killed her self. Nino Ricci illustrates women to be outspoken, independent and powerful.In the end of each story both women characters die. The difference is the way they lived their life. Cristina at least lived her life, standing up for what she believe in and having her own opinion. As for Ophelia lived a lie, as she was a spineless imbecile always doing what others told her to do and had a pathetic death. Shakespeare and Nino Ricci may have very different vision on women but at the same time they are both very accurate views.

True Romance Sicilian Scene Analysis

True Romance Sicilian Scene AnalysisBarthes dictum the importance of keeping vital training hidden from the viewer in order to keep them excited and interested in the narrative. After watching a mystery unf rare, we are often left kicking ourselves when we realise the serious clues that we missed erupt(a) that would rush taken the answer away much in the beginning on in the narrative. Whether it was something that was said or suggested by an actor, or something left lying around in the guessing. It is Barthes who tries to define these different hints and clues to assist us in further understanding the depths of a narrative fit. By helping us realise that we can understand whats going on from many indicators and not dependable what is world said out loud we are lead to heightened observations. He did this by defining five ciphers the first two are the Hermeneutic, sometimes exposit as the enigma codification, and the proairetic code. These two are often categorised toget her as they both focus on what can be found indoors the text. The triad other codes are the semantic, symbolic and cultural codes I will describe each of these further throughout the essay.The Hermeneutic/enigma code looks at the ways in which suspense and mystery are added to create uncertainty and foster curiosity(Ribire,Mireille. 2002, pg. 46.) so that the interpreter is given hints and then proceeds to question subtly placed items or text that will later be answered in the text. These clues are known by terms such as snares as they develop the viewers attention and keep them engaged they dont allow the viewer to know the truth but they keep them guessing. Equivocations, like snares, are clues that keep the viewer involved, however, they give the viewer a slight insight into the truth while still concealing the whole truth. In the scene I am discussing an example of a snare is the blood that we see all over Cliffs hands. It leads us to contemplate why is he covered in blood?. Initially, we cant work out why but on closer inspection we alike notice the men standing around him are all dressed in phantom clothes and standing over him in an intimidating manner. When we combine these ideas we can assume that these men are the cause of the blood and he didnt just weakened himself, this in turn leads us to believe that Cliff is being forcefully interrogated.Not only the lighting and the smoky atmosphere of the restore show happen upon insights into the scene but also the location of the set. For this I think it is important to apply Barthes semantic and symbolic codes to the scene. I believe that Barthes symbolic code direction to look at the visual side of the scene and try and work out the deeper connotations attached, this is code is also very similar to his Semantic code and Barthes neer actually specified the difference 1 between them. However, the word Semantic according to the OED means relating to meaning in language or logic so I will look for th e semantic signifiers from the spoken word. I believe that the fact that they are in a small, dark, confined space with no other batch around and without any background sounds, in a Symbolic way suggests to the audition that no champion else knows that Cliff is confined there and that if the mafia get hold of to kill him then his body will not be discovered for a considerable amount of time. The smokiness in the room also suggests to the audience that perhaps there is a dark atmosphere. and leads the audience to believe that this scene wont end well.I think a very critical part of this scene is where we see the role reversal between Coccotti and Worley, this happens as Worley accepts the fact that he will die in order to protect his son. There is both a proairetic code and a semantic code shown here. The proairetic code as mentioned the introduction, refers to an action in the text that leads the audience to second guess what will happen next. This is shown by Worley asking for the cigarette he initially refused (1.00). This is significant for the symbolic code also as i believe it holds connotations related to a last prayer of a condemned man, men were often given cigarettes before facing a firing squad 2 and i believe that this is also an important semantic code as i think that the smoking of the cigarette is the point where Tarantino and Scott want the audience to believe that Worley will not survive, when looking at this with the semantic code i believe that the fact that he asks for one of those Chesterfields now is very telling as it indicates that when he was offered one earlier he believed that he would survive. some other reference to the Symbolic code is that at the very instance that Worley asks for the cigarette The Flower Duet from the opera Lakme starts playing as background music 3. This I believe is Tarantino making a reference to the vast use of classical music in famous gangster/mob films like The Godfather, Once upon a time in America and many others 4. It is used for many reasons, one is to set an interesting juxtaposition to the violence that is going on and another is to set a tone in the scene and to represent the high status and views that mobsters hold of themselves, this has much to do with the typical stereotype of gangsters.I consider it also important to now mention how stereotyping is used in this scene and how using these character assumptions also helps us in understanding the narrative. Lippmann explained the use of stereotypes in three ways1, one was as an ordering process, a way to give a description to a mass of people without having to go into the specific detail or giving a general name to a large group of similar people. The second idea is that stereotypes are used as a miserable knap to describe someones characteristics and or appearance1, in a way it means cutting down their personalities and type casting them, Lippmann explains The real environment is altogether in like manner big, too c omplex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we develop to act in that environment, we have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it. To traverse the world men must have maps of the world. (Lippman Walter 2007 pg. 16) Lippmanns final way of explaining using stereotypes is as a reference 1, for example, it is easier to build a character in a media text or script that is already based around a certain type-cast that the audience is familiar with, it helps them to relate to the character. I believe Tarantino has used a typical American-Italian mafia stereotype as a reference in this scene as Don Coccotti isnt a major part in the whole film so it is important for the audience to quickly catch on to his purpose in the filmDon Coccottis immaculate grooming from the casually unbuttoned cashmere full length over come on with silk scarf, very stereotypical of the attire you see in Mafia related scenes like the Godfather, immediately put him echelons above his surrounding henchmen with hunched shoulders badly cut jackets that obviously conceal weapons, and the blank looks on their faces, that we find towards the end of the scene, accounts for the fact that at least one of the Scilians speaks no English what so ever and is sincerely fascinated by what Worley has said.The camera angle used gives an added dimension to the vulnerability of the seated Worley, up until the point where Worley slowly and graciously insults Coccotti with a beautifully crafted horizontal surface about the Moors breeding with Sicilian women. This story, to Barthes would be a part of the text referring to his cultural code as it is a sign that uses a reference from external of the text to help the audience understand and relate to the narrative. Hopper carries on up to the final insult where Hopper refers to Coccotti as part Eggplant this is an o ld racist slur that was stereotypically used many by italian americans to offend black people as Peter E. Bondanella the author of Hollywood Italians Dagos, Palookas, Romeos, intelligent Guys, and Sopranos explains Moulan Yan a particular Italian American derogatory term for Blacks deserves some glossing. Alternately spelled a number of ways, the word derived from the standard Italian word for eggplant La melanzana. so this is the final insult for Don Coccotti and is a horrible use of a stereotype, it also sets the Sicilians in the scene in a stereotype of being racist. By that point you know that the proairetic sign of Don Vincenzo giving Worley the kiss of death means that he is about to die.The almost off camera monitor of Hoppers police background is constantly hovering in the form of his division badge and you forget that he really is a policeman due to his ironic soliloquy in the face of obvious death. Don Coccottis nervous laughter at first and short spurts of eye contac t with his henchmen are typical and become to a greater extent manic as Hopper continues the well-crafted insults. The atypical action of him turning his back extracting the henchmans gun and without warning turning and killing Worley brings the scene to a juddering halt. This is firstly bring around by the Don saying I havent killed anybody since 1984 and the black comedy of the scilian henchman asking what was said, the clipped response he said Franco what happened? to which the english speaking one replies He said that Scilians are spawned by niggers so Don Vincenzo killed him (5.15). ties the scene off neatly and leaves no loose ends whatsoever.From the previous scenes and the way the film plays out there was never going to be any doubt that hopper would always protect his son and that Don surrounded by his subordinates had to get the information or kill hopper, the play out in my opinion was almost a classic scene of black comedy had it not been for the true contact and emp athy you have towards hoppers character, protecting his son and his own integrity.Its also worth noting that the product placement of the Chesterfields also reinforces the 5th avenue sophisticated appearance of Don. When hopper asked for the chesterfield he mentions the cigarette brand by name in a way that he would savour a product with this image that might well be deemed out of reach or out of place to a street cop he refers to them as one of those Chesterfields and i feel that sentence suggests he is unfamiliar with them.From this essay I have found that Barthes five codes are very interesting for looking at a scene in depth, I discovered things about this scene that I had not realised before and this is thanks to the way his codes pick out the tiniest action in a scene and reveal the bigger connotation it holds. I did however, find it difficult to distinguish the boundaries between one code and another particularly the symbolic and semantic code. I found Lippmanns ideas on ster eotype very interesting and I liked thinking about stereotype as I think the use of stereotypes is important to Tarantino, I believe that he likes to adhere to your typical stereotype like the gangsters and the mafia but he also likes to throw in an anomaly to play a trick on the audience and get them excited by the character, I believe that Cliff Worleys integrity and bravery in the scene shows this.BibliographyNarration in the Fiction lead David Bordwell Chapter 2 Diegetic Theories of NarrationThe Pleasure of the text roland barthesS/Z Roland BarthesThe media students book Branston and Stafford narrativesIItalian-Americans in Film From Immigrants to IconsCarlos E. Corts MELUS, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Italian-American Literature (Autumn Winter, 1987), pp. 107-126Hollywood Italians Dagos, Palookas, Romeos, Wise Guys, and Sopranos By Peter E. BondanellaArticles The Independent-Angry Italian-Americans demand MTV pull hateful reality show by Guy Adams in Los AngelesItalian-Americans in Film From Immigrants to IconsCarlos E. Corts MELUS, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Italian-American Literature (Autumn Winter, 1987), pp. 107-126Typecasting On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality Journal of Social History, Winter, 2007 by Janice KellyPublic Opinon by Walter Lippmann 2007 editionhttp//www.sicilianculture.com/cinema/impressions.htm accessed on January 1st 2010http//www.vancouversun.com/ newsworthiness/Reputed+Mafia+boss+attend+slain+funeral/2392715/story.html accessed on January 1st 2010http//www.bestofsicily.com/mafia.htm accessed on January 1st 2010

Effect of Water to Cement Ratio on Concrete

Effect of urine system to Cement Ratio on underwriteInt magnetic poleuctionIn social organization projects, cover, along with steel, wood, sparkler, etc, is one of the most essential materials that argon call fored for a successful manufacture of a structure. It one of the most common materials on a construction site and accounts for billions of pounds everywhere across the world. Due to ever-increasing machinery and technological advancementums cover shag now be made of a fluxingture of compound materials, nevertheless the necessary components of cover are course or fine heap ups, Portland Cement and piddle. In the current times, cover structures are manufactured every day and to sustain a safe environment for people, so it is vital that that the structures that are built are sturdy, durable and do not cause any hazards to people. It is therefore a wide task for construction com goat godies to guarantee that the structures that are built are done so to meet any to ld the specific safety codes, British Standards or the Euro edict Standards. The properties of concrete are very vital as they provide the necessary stability that structures are dependent on to maintain their sturdiness. As a take it is essential to research and be aware of the distinctive components of concrete and its properties, and how in this experiment these might affect the way that concrete performs when changing some variables.(Richardson, 2002).The workability of a concrete mix gives a measure of the ease with which fresh concrete seat be placed and compacted. The concrete should flow readily into the form and go around and cover the supporting, the mix should retain its congruity and the aggregates should not segregate.There are quadruple figures that can affect the workability areConsistency The degree of consistency is depended on the nature of works and type of densification.Water/cement Ratio or Water Control of a concrete Water/cement symmetry is the proport ion of pissing in a mix to the weight of cement. The quality of water that required for a mix is depended on the mix proportions, types and grading of aggregate.scoring of Aggregate The smooth and rounded aggregate exit produce a more workable concrete than the sharp angular aggregate.Cement Content The great workability can be reigned with the higher cement meat.AimsThe aim of this experiment was to establish the effectuates of water to cement proportionality on thefresh properties of concrete (workability), and its effect on the hard-bitten propertiesof concrete ( force out). Furthermore to increase the understanding in making a concrete mixture and working out the water sum that needs to be added to the mixtures. And last to expand on the understanding of the importance of fresh and hard properties of concrete.ObjectivesThe objectives of the experiment were to make three concrete mixtures by fixture their water/cement dimensions (0.47, 0.55 0.65) and to find out the w ater kernel to use for the three mixtures. To do a variety of runnings such as the slump test, compacting reckon test on fresh concrete and to carry out compressive and flexural strength tests of hardened concrete. Then finally to discuss how features such as variation in the water/cement ratio affects the workabilityand strength of concrete.TheoryConcrete Production, concrete is a mixture that is made up of three components, cement, water and aggregate. The water and cement are confused together to produce a thick agoe, to which then careful out aggregates are added to. The aggregates that are added are mainly composed of general materials such as sand, gravel and scummy rocks, however due to the latest advanced technology it has been known that another(prenominal) materials such as car tyres and crushed glass to be also used as aggregates. The cement is produced by blending limestone and clay, and burning it in a rotary kiln, this government issues in the formation of a clinker, to which gypsum is added. The mix is then ground down to fine powder cement, in which the most common is called Portland Cement. The cement/water slurry solidifies through a chemical reply called hydration, the reaction produces immense heat so fresh concrete must by no means be plentyled with unprotected bare hands. During the winter season, temperatures contrive below 2C, so the chemical hydration reaction may be very slow down as heat is needed as a particle accelerator to speed up the collision of the particles. Therefore concrete pours during these seasons are not sui control panel as the concrete result not set. Initially this reaction is slow to start with, so this allows for the concrete to be transported and poured before it is hardened, and the theory states that complete 100% hydration takes place after 28 days.Properties of Concrete There are four key properties that are desired in fresh concrete i.e.good workability, compactability, mobility and stability . The most desired properties forhardened concrete are strength and durability. The concrete should open compressive strength(resist squeezing), tensile strength (resist stretching) and flexural strength (resist hunkering).All these strengths are highly dependent on the water/cement ratio and aggregate used in themixture, the degree of compaction and the age of the concrete. Curing concrete under waterover time allows hydration to continue hence giving it strength.The concrete used in this experiment was a C30 concrete grade and according to B.S. 5328the compressive strength for this grade at 28 days is 30.0 N/ sq mm which can also be writtenas 30 MPa which is adequate for use in beams, however this is solitary(prenominal) an estimation as thereare other factors (mentioned above) that affect concrete strength. In this experiment the slumptest and the compacting factor test were used to assess the workability and uniformity ofconcrete. The deflection/ flexural strength test was c arried out to evaluate the strength of theconcrete beam (mini beam sample) and find the disappointment load of the mini beam (100mm by100mm by 500mm). The compressive strength was carried out to determine the maximum misfortune load of the mental block samples (150mm by 150mm) and the cylinder samples (150mm by300mm) (Barnes 1992).MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTCasting EquipmentConcrete sociableBucket (average size)Measuring CylinderShovelWheel BoroughScale rule 2 Shows Compaction element Apparatus. (used to determine workability of concretemixture)Figure 3 Slump Test ApparatusB.S. Slump strobile (300mm high, tapering from a 100mm diameter crystalise to a 200mmdiameter bottom)Slump rod (or steel tamping rod) (16 mm diameter, 600mm long, with rounded ends)Flat metal base plate (600 sq mm)(K0837225)Page 59. metal Rule (300mm long)10. Metal Scoop11. Levelling Trowel12. Waste rag13. Vibrating Table14. Moulds6 no. Cube Moulds (150mm by 150mm)3 no. Cylinder Moulds (150mm by 300mm)3 no. Mini beam Moulds (100mm by 100mm by 500mm)15. MaterialsCourse Aggregates (Stones)Fine Aggregates (Sand)CementWater (Tap)*Note Aggregate used was natural aggregate used was from London. Therefore no need fordetermining aggregate moisture content as aggregate is assumed to be laboratory dry toSSD. so no considerable effect on water-cemet ratio.Striking Equipment1. Pressure pipe (for striking cubes and cylinders)2. Brushes (Soft and Hard metal brushes)3. Oil, oil brush and rugs (for cleaning moulds before storing)4. wax crayon (for labelling concrete samples)5. Curing roomTesting Equipment1. Compressive test machineryFigure 4 Shows the Compressive test machine used to apply loads on cubes and cylindersamples2. excursion test machinery (Picture shown in figure3. Load reader/display4. Concrete samples5. Digital Camera*Personal Protective Clothing was worn on all days of the experiment (Safety boots andCoats, individuals handling concrete wore protective gloves).METHODOLOGYConcrete Producti on1. Aggregates were readily weighed and placed into buckets. Quantities (constants) used inall Concrete salmagundies are shown belowMaterial Quantitative Weight (Kg)Cement (CEM1) 6.50Fine Aggregate (Sand) 16.55Natural Course Aggregate (Stones) 26.002. The amount of water required was determined by using the formulae shown below.Water content = (water/cement ratio) x cement weight.3. Water was measured into a bucket using measuring cylinders.4. The water/cement ratio was set as the variable between 3 Concrete Mixes (to determinethe effect of water/cement ratio on the strength and workability of the concrete). Watercontent quantities used are shown on table 1.Table 1 Water/Cement Ratio (variable) for Concrete Mixes 1, 2 3Concrete Mix Water/Cement Ratio Water Content (litres)1 0.47 32 0.55 3.63 0.65 4.25*See Appendix 1 for Actual Calculations Carried Out.5. The concrete mixer paddles and pan were lightly dampened before aggregates wereplaced in the mixer.6. Course and fine aggregates were placed into the mixer and mixed for 30seconds.7. Half the water required for the mix was added to the mixture and the table of content werefurther mixed for 1 minute.8. The confine were covered and left for 8 minutes, to allow aggregates to absorb water,(because aggregates are porous therefore they should soak in water into voids to get a goodmix and bonding with cementious (water/cement) paste).9. Cement was spread evenly over the aggregates and mixed for 1 minute.10. The remaining water was added and the contents were mixed for 2 minutes ensuringhomogeneity of the mix.11. Workability tests were then carried out, in the order shown below.*Note immediately after each test the used concrete was returned into the mixer and thecontents were remixed for 30 seconds.FRESH CONCRETE TESTSCompacting Factor Test1. Trap doors of all hoppers were shut prior to beginning the test.2. Sample of freshly mixed concrete was scooped from the mixer into the upper hopper, theconcrete sample was change up to the brim of the upper hopper.3. The trap-door of upper hopper was opened, to enable concrete to fall into the lowerhopper.4. After all concrete had been collected onto lower hopper, the trap-door of the lower hopperwas then opened and the concrete allowed to fall into the cylinder.5. Excess concrete remaining above the top take of the cylinder was then cut off using aplane blade.6. The concrete collected in the cylinder was then weighed. (This weight is known as theweight of partially compacted concrete).7. The concrete filled cylinder was vibrated to obtain full compaction, and more concretewas added to the cylinder as required to ensure the vibrated/compacted concrete wasfilled to the brim of the cylinder.8. The now fully compacted concrete in the cylinder was weighed.9. The compacting factor was then obtained using the formulae shown below.Compacting factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)/(Weight of fullycompacted concrete)Figure 5 Shows steps followed during the compacting factor test.1) Compacting factor equipment.2) Partially compacted weight is taken on a scale,3) The concrete is vibrated/compactedon a vibrating table and then the contents are toped up and vibrated to the rim container and thepartially compacted weight was taken.Slump TestConcrete was thoroughly mixed in the concrete mixer.The slump cone was dampened to prevent concrete gummy to it.The slump cone/mould was placed on the centre of the metal plate and one individual wasasked to stand on the foot pieces on two sides of the mould.The mould was filled in 3 equal depth layers and each layer was rod 25 times using thesteel slump rod (ensuring even spread of blows covering over the whole area).Concrete was heaped over the top of the cone and with a rolling motion of the rod overtop of the mold the concrete was levelled thus removing the excess concrete.The spillage was carefully removed from the sides of the mould and the base plateThe mould/cone was carefully and s lowly upraised vertically upwards.The slump cone was turned upside down and placed next to the molded concrete and therod was laid across the slump cone and the distance (slump) between the underside of therod and the highest point of the moulded concrete were read using a metal rule.There are different kinds of slump a collapsed slump, sheared slump and a true slump.The first two slump types indicate bad workability and a true slump indicates goodworkability.Concrete publicise Casting CuringConcrete was scooped out of the mixer into oiled moulds on the vibrating table (ensuringeven spread).Concrete was vibrated throughout the pour to eliminate voids and to enable compactionof concrete by switching on the vibrating table.The vibrating motion also levelled the concrete.The concrete was left to set on the mould for 24 hoursAfter which concrete was laid low(p) and placed in the curing room over 14 days.HARDENED CONCRETE TESTSConcrete Sample TestingCompressive Strength Tests were ca rried out on cube and cylinder samples.Flexural Strength Tests were carried out in the mini beams.The machines where loaded with concrete sample and load applied was set to zerobefore running the test. rump and top plates (spacers) were used to determine to provide platforms for theconcrete specimens and to also help provide even distri hardlyion of load.The load was applied by the machine work on maximum failure load was mastered.This reading was taken and the machine cleaned off concrete debris before running testsfor other samples.*Note the loading pace Rates varied for different sample cultivate as shown belowCylinders loading measure Rate was set at 5.30 KN/sCubes loading Pace Rate was set at 6.80 KN/sMini Beams loading Pace Rate was set at 0.200 KN/sRESULTS1. FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES TEST RESULTSCompacting Factor Test ResultsMix 1Observations The Concrete Mix appeared to be dry and did not pass through when the trapdoor of the upper hopper was opened. The concrete mix wa s helped through the trap door tothe lower hopper by pushing it with a metal rod through the first trap door. The same(p) wasdone in order to get it through the second trap door into the container. This showed that itwas a bad mix with bad flowability, mobility and workability properties due to low watercontent.Mix 2Observations The concrete mix was passed through the hopers with better ease than mix 1,however only of the contents went through, the rest was forced through some(prenominal) trap doorswith a metal rod. Therefore the flow ability and workability properties of this mix were bad,but better than mix1, owing it to the increased water content in mix 2.Mix 3Observations The obtained concrete mix was a wet mix (a bit in like manner wet) with what wouldappear to be good flowability properties as all contents went through the hopers and trapdoors with one sweep and much ease. Therefore the flowability and workability propertieswere the beat out observed for all 3 mixes, but too much water content is not good either.The compacting factor test was worked out for all the 3 Concrete Mixes and results areshown in table 2 below.*The calculations were carried out on Microsoft jump out using the formula shown below.Compacting factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)/(Weight of fullycompacted concrete)BS 1881 Part 103 states that concrete is deemed unsuitable if its compacting factor isbelow 0.70 or above 0.98. For normal concretes the compacting factor normally liesbetween 0.80 and 0.92 (Jackson Dhir 1996).Apparent workability shown below was determined by using Compacting factor table inThere was no slump asthe mix was too drytherefore indicatingpoor mobility,flowability andworkabilityCollapsed slump wasobtained and the slumpexceeded the allowabletolerance stated in BS5328. The slump conewas 300mm high andthe concrete mixslumped by half thatvalue to 150mm. Thisindicates that the mixwas too wet and thisaffected its cohesiveproperties.Very high*Appar ent workability shown above was determined by using Slump Results Table shownin Appendix 2 (Kew 2009).(K0837225) Page 12Mix 1 Dry Mix/ Zero Slump Mix 2 Wet mix /13mm True Slump Mix3 Mix too wet/ collapsed slumpFigure 7 Shows the Slump Results Obtained for concrete mixes with varying watercement ratios. (Mix 1 w/c ratio 0.45, Mix 2 w/c ratio 0.55 and Mix 3 w/c ratio 0.65).2. HARDENEDED CONCRETE PROPERTIES TEST RESULTSFigure 8 Shows the cube specimen being loaded into the compressing machine and on the right,the classical cube hour glass failure mode on one of the cube specimen.Figure 9 Shows the cylinder specimen being loaded into the compressing machine and on theright, the failure mode on 3 of the cylinder specimens.Figure 10 Shows a mini beam failing when subjected to Flexural Loads. This is the classical failuremode of beams. The beam undergoes tensile and flexural strain resulting in bending and snapping ofthe beam. Concrete is generally brittle and this makes it weak in stres s. Hence the need forreinforcement of concrete, steel is good in tension so it lends that quality to concrete, resulting inbetter stronger structures.The results above are indicative of the effects of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete. At0.45 w/c ratio the strength was 630.4(Influence of test conditions. Table above show that specimen shape and size is alsoinfluential on the compressive strength. Therefore measured strength of concrete is alsoaffected by height diameter ratio. This is to just show that test conditions can also affect thedetermination of concrete strength. In BS 1881 Part 116 specifies that 150mm cube test areonly used for quality control purposes. Whereas BS 1881 Part 120 indicates that cylindertest specimens are used to carry out compressive strength tests for in situ concrete andprecast members. A correction factories usually applied to the cylinder strength to obtain anequivalent cube strength, it takes into account the specimen height /diameter ratio (i.e.30 0mm/150mm = 2.). This explains the high compressive strength results obtained incylinder specimens than in cube specimens despite the being made off the same batch ofconcrete. It should also be considered that the loading Pace Rates for cubes (and cylinderswere varied.The trend obtained from the results shown above indicates that increasing w/c ratio increasesflexural strength. Af hydration strengthens the bonding between the cementious material andthe aggregates. However like all other factors, too much of anything is not good. If the mixhas excess water it will result in reduced flexural strength and results in bleeding of concretethus a weakened structure with pours in them. Again the normal distribution tailor can meexpected with extremes.DISCUSSIONOne type of test is not enough to indicate the workability of the concrete as a whole. Use of conglomerate tests pay back out various properties that determine workability, for example, thecompacting factor can indicate how workable in the concrete will be in terms of how slowcan the concrete be vibrated and compacted. It is also a good indicator of the mobility andflowability of concrete. It Shows how easily the concrete can be pumped from a concreteskip into shutters, how easily the concrete will pass through the skip trap door when oncasting real structure on site. On the other hand the slump best indicates how workable theconcrete is in terms of its cohesive nature and segregation of its aggregates. It is valuable tocarry more than one of these tests to indicate various workability factors. These tests can alsobe carried out at various stages between concrete production and casting. The commonconstruction site test (In situ test) is the slump test, it serves as the last point of quality checkprior to casting, and all other workability factors are normally carried out on the concreteproduction sites. For example, the compactability factor will be most useful on production asother mobility enhancing admixt ures may be added prior to transporting concrete to site,hence saving time, money and other complications that may arise from delaying siteprogrammes. From table 2 the results obtained from all mixes had compacting factorsbetween 0.70 and 0.98 hence indicating that all the tested concrete mixes would beacceptable under the BS 1881. This certainly does not mean that all mixes had goodworkability properties. Jackson Dhir (1996) state that some of the basic assumptions forthe test are not correct and should not be solely relied upon extensively as they can bemisleading. As concrete mixes can befuddle same compacting factor but may not forever requirethe same amount of work to reach full compaction as compaction cannot be justified in thetrue sense. From the results in table 2 it shows that changing the water/cement ratio affectedthe compacting factor. Increasing the water cement ratio increased the compacting factortherefore the workability of the concrete. All these tests have limi ts, for example placingmore water would have resulted in decreasing compactability factor as increasing the watercontent will result in let down compacting factors. (Compacting liquid materials do not resultin changes between partially compacted weight and fully compacted weight, hence if moreexcess water is added the mix will have lower differences between partially compactedweight and fully compacted weight. Hence giving rise to normal distribution curves for thecompressive tests. This also applies to flexural strength and durability of the concrete. evidenceIn conclusion it is clear that too little w/c ratio reduces the strength of concrete just as well astoo much w/c ratio will result in porous concrete. Therefore adequate amounts need to beused to gain the best results. The best way of getting accurate assumptions on concrete is toconsider various factors. Increasing the water content ratio generally increases the strengthbut may also result in shrinkage of the concrete hence altering durability and permeabilityfactors.Q1 Report all the results fresh properties (slump value and the shape of the slump) andhardened properties (strength) of the concrete and comment on the results. See ResultsSection for Answers.Q2 Why the need to measure the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete?Fresh properties are only of much importance in the stages of the concrete mix. Thesehelp concrete producers spot problems early on the stage before structures are cast thuspotentially saving money, time and preventing unstable structures form being built byspotting and correcting problems with concrete at an early stage. Also this helps preventthe need to run into down newly built structures due to instability of concrete mixes used.Fresh properties can help indicate how much work labours will have to do on site andconsequently the energy and money that will be required when casting concrete on site.On the other hand hardened concrete properties are important in determini ng and the lifespan of the concrete in the form of s concrete structure. The hardened properties areimportant in observing and maintaining the strength of the structure and its durability.Other hardened factors are permeability and shrinkage of the concrete structures afterbeing built due to bumpy weathers and conditions. The latter factors are of muchimportance in structures like dams which require high water retaining properties.Therefore both properties help in the development and caution of a good qualitystructures and ensuring long life span. Whilst providing adequate safety to the habitats ofthose structures.Q3 Concrete is usually tested at 28-Days for its compression strength. Why at 28-Days?The specimens should be cured under water and for normal concrete they should havereached maximum strength at 28 Days. Concrete hardening process (Hydration) isthought to reach its final strength in 28 Days as the reaction slows to a halt and addingmore water or curing concrete past that stage will sure minute or no further significantchanges in concrete strength.Q4 As for reinforce concrete beam, describe the need to place reinforced steel inconcrete beam, the purpose of cover/spacing, the diameter of the steel used and whyconcrete beams need to be reinforced?Concrete is good in compression meaning it has high resilience to compressive forces butis very weak in tension. As noted in the results the beams failed at much lower loads thanboth cubes and cylinders, although there are other factors that play a role here that is thegeneral observation. Hence concrete reinforcement is required, it has good tensileresilience and when concrete and steel are combined they result in components strong inboth tensile and compressive properties. The purpose of concrete cover is to protect steelfrom corrosion, due to air reacting with steel and prevent rust formation due to water.Corrosion and rust results in weakened concrete structure as may result in loss ofresilience to tensi le forces. So the concrete cove4r provides protection and a neutralenvironment for steel. Concrete cover usually ranges around 500mm from the steel bars.Excess cover is not good as it makes the structure more susceptible to chipping and henceweakens the cover itself and increases chances of steel corrosion taking place. Thediameter of steel used can vary according to the purpose of the structure but overreinforcement can also bring about imbalances to the structural stability and may result ina weakened structure. The normal diameter used ranges between 10-30mm, this makes iteasier to bend and alter on site as well as provide ease of manual handling for steel fixers.

New Right Ideology In Unsettling The Welfare State

New Right Ideology In Unsettling The Wel farthermoste StateExplain and assess the component part of New Right ideology in the unsettling and reconstruction of the eudaemonia fix during the late mid-seventies/early 1980s.Following World War II, the party in power at the time Labour, proverb a need for a hearty upbeat system that would systematically look after the fondly poor at the time. Labour ideology at the time acknowledged, the whim of tackling poverty, promoting equality, making sure companionable rights where maintained and making sure that the fondly poor (working class) could ensure a better life and try and lift them out of relative poverty. The idea for the public assistance state was not just for the benefit of the working class. The idea was of universalism, wellbeing for all in times of need social welfare for everyone, not just the poor. The earliest example of universal welfare would be the introduction of the case Health Service in 1947 and a National insurance taxation, a form of income for people to fall back on if one was struck with un exercise, disorder retirement and other negative accompanimentors that stopped someone from working. The state uses the idea that it is required to help and support the economic markets and the family and provide help is areas in the markets and the family failed or couldnt meet needs. The state initially believed that the welfare state should not be the main source of support for the individual rather a helping hit alongside with the working wage of a full time employed male, and that wage the mothers/wives can support the family whilst the male was at work. The idea of the welfare state was seen to be a social insurance to the nuclear family set up and that by keeping up with continued employment and providing a contribution (National policy Tax) that one would baffle acquired a welfare record to be eligible to claim if was deemed necessary. (Cochrane Clarke, 1993, p.23)These newly form ed institutions of welfare were brought about by the Beveridge report of 1942 and saw that a stable Keynesian style economy (this was the idea the governings should and could intervene within its own economy. It should be able to manage employment levels and the demand for goods and products by the government setting up new taxations such as national insurance and new spending policies i.e. new benefits) would deliver full time employment for males. (Cochrane Clarke, 1993, p.25) His report established key principles of a welfare system, by trying to support the three main seduce of relative poverty old age, un advantageouslyness and unemployment. The report put forward a plan to have social security, provided by contributions as a right with no forms of means testing. (Hughes Lewis, 1998, p.23) The report cogitate that employees and employers should contribute to a national insurance so if anyone fell into these three categories through no fault of their own, they could draw fr om the state until the soul came to better plenty and was back in full-time employment. The idea of the welfare state was that it should not be a way of life, meaning that welfare was kept to a marginal and that voluntary unemployment would be penalised (Cochrane Clarke, 1993, p.25). The welfare state was not put in place to help discourage people looking at getting employment. The welfare state was built upon the assumption that on that point would be full employment for all (males) making sure that an individual would provide contributions and this in turn would advance sure the welfare state wasnt costing. However, people who were not in full-time employment who were drawing on the welfare state may not have made enough or any contribution to the welfare state causing it to become tested. The key to political settlement that Beveridge put forward for the social system for the welfare state was that was there to provide financial and social welfare (universally), be able to provide a political voice including ideology of social democracy. The report also outlined the fact that there should be an a acceptance that the state needed to manage and sustain the economy which included that there has to be a high level of male employment with the eventuality of bigger economic growth. The report also suggested that there should be a social normative within the nuclear white family, e.g. male works full-time providing a sustainable wage and sustaining a social wage, whilst the mother/wife sash at home as an employed housewife. The welfare state from the ideas and recommendations for Beveridge showed that the relationship of the state to the people ideologically represented as one of unity. (Hughes Lewis, 1998, p.35).Since 1945 to the mid 1970s the Beveridgean welfare model alongside with the Keynesian economic model created a system that helped support those most in need and for a time which worked well in strong economic growth in Britain. For many in polit ics at the time (social democratics) it was a necessary move to allow the government to intervene in the free market. They believed the market was run by a few correctly individuals and wanted to give back political freedom and that the market gave non deserving rewards and that they werent governed by moral principles (www.s-cool.co.uk/alevelsociology, p.1, 2010) by redistributing income from the richesy to the relative poor, helping the working class by providing new opportunities and trying to restrain small powerful government that only really benefited the rich.However from the mid to late 1970s, the main ideological features that Beveridge suggested were starting to become questioned and the thought of adjustment was being brought forward. This was partly out-of-pocket with the economic situation that Britain now found itself involved in recession, in which recession undermined the ideas that underpinned Beveridges reforms. The reforms needed a good and stable economic gro unding and by which from the mid 1970s was not there anymore. With questions over the state in which welfare was being provisioned and the state of the economy at the time, was concluded a tone-beginning on the welfare state and system for the provision of welfare for many reforms and changes.By the mid 1970s Britain was being choked by recession. Britains welfare outgoings were far greater than it incomings due to mass unemployment making individuals dependant on social welfare from the state, that by now could not afford to keep up with welfare needs. Criticisms of the welfare state led to the unsettling of the welfare state. The idea that Beveridge put forward as one of the main ideas of the welfare state of being universal, for everyone, in reality, the welfare state saw that many social groups were actually being missed out by the welfare system, for example disability, the fact that a disabled person could not engage in full-time employment, racial exclusions by the 1970s Bri tain was a different society with more immigration, the welfare system had not been updated to include different races, only white males where included in the old welfare model, and women and the movement of feminism. Back in 1942, Beveridge built his welfare model on the idea that white males would be in full-time work and providing contributions to the welfare state in the form of national insurance and other contributions such as pensions. The fact that women did not contribute into the welfare state or a pension meant that women were still relying on the men to provide. With social changes such as the rise in single parent families, women could not benefit from social welfare in the way in which Beveridge conceptualised. With the election of the New Right Conservatives in 1979, brought about changes in the social welfare and the welfare state (Hughes Lewis, 1998).they set about cutting social expenditure. They did this because they believed that to do so would regenerate privat e profitability, but also because they believed that trim public reliance on state provision was a matter of principle.The new ideology of the New Right sought to liberate Britain. The idea that Britain had a huge tax burden from the old Labour ideologies from mid 1940s. M. Friedman quotes the state should not be used to bring about any social objectives, no matter how laudably such objectives may be (Glennerster, 1995, p71) Many New Right commentators suggested and argued that the capitalist economic system is capable and would ensure the provision of wealth and happiness for everyone, the market would make sure that there would be an equilibrium between wages and prices so that wages would be able to meet the generate and demand economic model of the time. Another thought of the New Right was that governments shouldnt intervene within the free market through taxation as it would cause many restraints on private business. And most of all, the welfare state at the time was too exp ensive to keep up, with the example of a loan grant to the Labour government by the IMF in 1976 to keep up with welfare needs.The Conservatives sought to reconceptualise the welfare state by changing the relationships between the state, the individual, social welfare and the markets. The new right sought to change and redefine social terminology such as a person who claimed social welfare was to be called a welfare citizen, compared to what the new right ideology thought, the individual should now be coined a welfare consumer in relationship with the state. The new right believed that the state should change from being the provider of social welfare and in turn that the state should only enable social welfare, i.e. the state should be one of many providers of social welfare, not the only provider, leading to the idea that the markets should have a lending hand in providing a source of welfare which led to the idea that social welfare should be prioritised by the market, not the sta te.

The Overuse of Psychotropic Medications for Children Essay -- Antidepr

In less than a year, John Geis was seen by four different medical doctors who diagnosed him with five separate illnesses, including autism, bipolar disorder (also cognize as manic depression), insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Johns pill regimen kept multiplying, consuming a daily cocktail of see-altering drugs. The libellous concoction included Risperdal (antipsychotic), Prozac (antidepressant), Adderall (psychostimulant). Johns story is far too common in America today. In this paper, I will explore what lead up to the mass labeling and drugging of young boys in America. I will provide evidence of unethical and illegal business practices by the worlds largest pharmaceutic companies, driven by greed.Psychiatry once subscribed to the Freudian view that mental illness comes from roots in unconscious conflicts (usually appearing in adolescence), that affects the mind as though it were separate from the brain. With the i ntroduction of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s, and sharply accelerating in the 1980s, it was then that the psychiatric focus shifted to the brain, as if it were a physical disease. Psychiatrists began to carry on to themselves as psychopharmacologists, and became far less interested in exploring the life stories of their patients and more interested in treating their patients with drugs. The psychiatric profession became optimistic that the use of psychoactive drugs would be beneficial with the new biological form that psychiatry adopted. Their optimism began to fade as serious side-effects of the drugs were becoming apparent, and an anti-psychiatry attitude began to spread rapidly. (Angell)Consequently ,with the new medical model came the need ... ... XXXIII, No. 13, 4 July 1997, p. 31.Perdone, Matthew, and Pete Yost. Johnson & Johnson to Pay $2.2 Billion to Resolve Drug Marketing Allegations. Huff Post. HuffingtonPost.com, 4 Nov. 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. .Stolzer, J.M. A Syste matic Deconstruction of the confused American Boy Hypothesis. New Male StudiesAn International Journal 1.3 (2012) 77-95. Print.Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford The Orwell Press. pp. 595596Wilson, Duff. Childs Ordeal Shows Risks of Psychosis Drugs for Young. New York Times New York City 1 Sept. 2010, Late ed., Business Day 11. Print.Zilbergeld, Bernie (1983). The Shrinking of America Myths of Psychological Change. Boston Little, Brown & Company. pp. 7879

Juvenile Justice: Age and Judicial Culpability Essay -- Criminal Justi

This paper will first define culpability, explore its several(a) aims and examine how it is use during sentencing. Next, this paper will examine literature that supports the belief that advance is non the key factor in determining culpability and should not be used to determine guilt or innocence during trial. Finally, this paper will suggest that trying juveniles as adults and remanding them into adult facilities is ineffective at change magnitude juvenile crime rates. These issues will be reviewed to determine if corporeal (chronological) age is a justifiable cause to lessen culpability or an excuse used to mask the ineffective research efforts of lawmakers.Culpability has long been defined as a legal term that is used by judicial officials to describe the level of responsibility each person has for a crime Giedd et al (1999). Prosecutors use courtroom jargon such as culpability based on physical age as a legal excuse to persuade courtroom officials to reduce sentences for ju venile offenders. Studies taken from Corriero (2007) revealed that a normal child can line right from wrong as early as the age of 2 physical socio-economic classs but it may take up to 1 supererogatory year for an abnormal child to develop that selfsame(prenominal) unit of cognitive measure. This statement suggests that although it may take longer for anabnormal child to reach the same level of understanding mentally, one calendar year does not have to open the door for lessened criminal liability. This raises the chronological age of normal children and lessens the age of abnormal children in many cases. For example, a 14 year old (chronological age) child can have the mental age of a 6 year old or vice versa. Juvenile accountability varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction throughout the ... ...dies An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition Vol. 80, zero(prenominal) 1 (Oct., 1995), pp. 41-49 Smit, D. (2005) The Abolition of Capital Punishment for Pe rsons Under the Age of Eighteen Years in the United States of America. What Next? Oxford Journals Law Human Rights Law limited review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pp. 393-401Staniels, J. (1995) Grading Culpability at Sentencing The Example of Sentencing Entrapment Federal Sentencing Reporter Vol. 7, No. 4, Criminal Law Defenses at Sentencing pp. 178-180 Steinberg, L & Scott, E.(2003) less(prenominal) Guilty by Reason of Adolescence Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty. American Psychologist, Vol 58(12), 1009-1018Winter, H ( 2006)The Economics of Crime An Introduction to Rational Crime psychoanalysis5th and 14th Amendment Retrieved from www.findlaw.com October 29, 2011